Table 2. Characteristics of studies that intervened pre-pregnancy and pregnancy care.

Time dimension	Space dimension	Author/Country	Study design	Participants	Intervention	Outcome	Number of participants
Pre-pregnancy Pregnancy Birth Postnatal	Community-familycare Outpatient-outreach care Clinical care	Azad et al. 2010, Bangladesh	Cluster randomized controlled trial	Women aged 15–49 years	Maternal and neonatal health promotion for reproductive age women provided by women's groups in the community/Training for traditional birth attendants on safe deliveries and resuscitation of newborns with symptoms of birth asphyxia using the bag valve mask /Basic and refresher clinical training for health workers on essential components of maternal and neonatal health care.	Neonatal death Maternal death Stillbirth	Intervention arm: 15,695 births Control arm: 15,257 births (twins were included and temporary residents were excluded)
Pre-pregnancy Pregnancy Postnatal	Community-family care Outpatient-outreach care Clinical care	Bhutta et al. 2008, Pakistan	Cluster randomized controlled trial	Women of reproductive age, adolescent girls, and older women	Training for female health workers to provide home visits to pregnant and postpartum women/Set up community health committees to conduct 3-monthly group education sessions in villages for women of reproductive age, adolescent girls, and older women/Established an emergency transport fund for mothers and newborns/Education on basic and intermediate newborn care for health workers/Specialized training for medical and nursing staff.	Neonatal death Stillbirth Perinatal death	Intervention arm: 3,064 births Control arm: 2,778 births Intervention arm: 395 pregnancies Control arm: 375 pregnancies
Pre-pregnancy Pregnancy Birth Postnatal	Community-family care Outpatient-outreach care Clinical care	Bhutta et al. 2011, Pakistan	Cluster randomized controlled trial	Women of reproductive age, adolescent girls, and older women	Group health education sessions for women on antenatal care and maternal health by female health workers/Provision of clean delivery kits/Promotion of health facility delivery, immediate newborn care, and training in the identification of danger signs/Instruction on antenatal and postnatal home visits for female health workers/Training for traditional birth attendants on basic newborn care/Establishing community health committees for maternal and newborn care.	Neonatal death Stillbirths Perinatal death	Intervention arm: 12,028 births Control arm: 11,005 births Intervention arm: 2,339 deliveries Control arm: 2,135 deliveries
Pre-pregnancy Pregnancy Birth Postnatal	Community-family care	Manandhar et al. 2004, Nepal	Cluster randomized controlled trial	Women aged 15–49 years with the potential to become pregnant	Monthly women's group meetings with female facilitators/Activate a women's group through an action-learning cycle/Assisted the women's group in identifying and prioritizing maternal and neonatal problems/Helping the women's group to identify possible solutions and to plan, implement and monitor the solution strategies in the community/Essential newborn care training for government health staff, female community health volunteers and traditional birth attendants.	Neonatal death Stillbirth Maternal death	Intervention arm: 2,972 infants born/3190 pregnancies Control arm: 3,303 infants born/ 3524 pregnancies (twins were included)
Pre-pregnancy Pregnancy Birth Postnatal	Community-family care	Tripathy et al. 2010, India	Cluster randomized controlled trial	Women aged 15–49 years who became pregnant during the study period	Training for facilitators who activate women's groups/Assisted women's groups to identify and prioritize maternal and neonatal problems/Helped women's groups to identify possible solutions and to plan, implement and monitor solution strategies in the community.	Neonatal death Stillbirth Maternal death Perinatal death	Intervention arm: 9,770 births Control arm: 9,260 births (migrated mothers and infants were excluded)