Figure 2. Model showing hypothesized links between deceitful-callous behavior at ages 2, 3, or 4 predicting the three-factor bifactor model of the ICU at age 9.5, controlling for earlier behavior problems.

Note. Bifactor model based on Waller et al. (2015). Double headed arrows show within-time correlation between deceitful-callous behavior and behavior problems. Single-headed arrows show regression paths that test unique association between deceitful-callous behavior and behavior problems at ages 2–4 and ICU factors at age 9.5. For computational ease, we estimated effects using extracted bifactor scores but pattern of findings was similar when run within a bifactor framework. We ran separate models for prediction at ages 2, 3, and 4 to examine developmental differences. We re-ran models controlling treatment status, project location, child gender, race, and ethnicity, family income, and parent education and age– findings unchanged.