Figure 3. Model showing age 3 multi-trait multi-method model within cross-lagged framework predicting primary versus alternative caregiver reports of CU behavior and externalizing behavior at age 9.5.

Note. PC = primary caregiver; AC = alternative caregiver; CU = callous unemotional; DC = deceitful-callous. Models tested whether a DC behavior trait, behavior problem trait, or primary and alternative caregiver method factors at age 3 predicted later CU behavior or externalizing behavior, controlling for within-time correlations (cross-lagged framework) across two reports of outcomes at age 9.5 - primary caregiver in (a) and alternative caregiver in (b). We re-ran models controlling for treatment status, project location, child gender, race, and ethnicity, family income, and parent education and age – findings unchanged.