Table 5.
Zero-order correlations and multiple regression coefficients for associations between primary and alternative caregiver reports of CU behavior versus behavior problems scores at ages 2 and 3 and primary caregiver reports of CU behavior at age 9.5
| Primary caregiver-reported CU behavior at age 9.5 – extracted factors scores based on Waller et al., 2015) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||
| “general” CU behavior factor | “specific” callous | “specific” uncaring | “specific” unemotional | |||||||||
| r | B(SE) | β | r | B(SE) | β | r | B(SE) | β | r | B(SE) | β | |
| Age 2 within informant | ||||||||||||
| Behavior problems (PC) | .17*** | .004(.001) | .13** | .13** | .003(.001) | .13** | −.001 | .001(.001) | −.02 | .01 | −.001 (.001) | −.03 |
| DC behavior (PC) | .18*** | .89(.33) | .12** | .05 | .01(.27) | .001 | .09 | .20(.23) | .05 | .09* | .60(.28) | .10† |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Age 2 across informant | ||||||||||||
| Behavior problems (AC) | .07 | .001(.003) | .01 | .08 | .002(.002) | .10 | −.02 | .001(.002) | −.02 | −.13† | −.003 (.002) | −.10 |
| DC behavior (AC) | .11* | 1.16(.90) | .10 | .04 | .11(.71) | .01 | .01 | .33(.52) | .05 | −.12* | −.59 (.70) | −.07 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Age 3 within informant | ||||||||||||
| Behavior problems (PC) | .18** | .002(.002) | .06 | .18*** | .004(.001) | .17** | .11* | .002(.001) | .10 | −.06 | −.003 (.001) | −.11† |
| DC behavior (PC) | .24*** | 1.13(.30) | .21*** | .12* | .08(.26) | .02 | .07 | .04(.19) | .01 | .01 | .33(.24) | .08 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Age 3 across informant | ||||||||||||
| Behavior problems (AC) | .17** | .003(.003) | .08 | .09 | .003(.002) | .11 | .02 | −.001 (.002) | −.04 | .06 | −.001 (.002) | −.02 |
| DC behavior (AC) | .20*** | .82(.36) | .18* | .05 | −.07(.26) | −.02 | .09 | .45(.26) | .14 | .12† | .45(.26) | .13† |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Age 4 within informant | ||||||||||||
| Behavior problems (PC) | .19*** | .001(.002) | .05 | .16*** | −.004(.002) | .18** | .08 | .001(.001) | .01 | −.05 | .001 (.001) | −.01 |
| DC behavior (PC) | .24*** | .76(.24) | .21*** | .09* | −.09(.20) | −.03 | .11* | .23(.14) | .11† | −.07 | −.18(.19) | −.06 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Age 4 across informant | ||||||||||||
| Behavior problems (AC) | .09 | −.001(.003) | −.04 | .13* | .004(.002) | .15* | .13* | .002(.001) | .11 | −.09 | −.01 (.002) | −.21* |
| DC behavior (AC) | .21*** | 1.41(.43) | .27** | .08 | −.06(.31) | −.02 | .11† | .22(.23) | .07 | .02 | .57(.34) | .14† |
Note.
p < .10,
p < .05,
p < .01,
p < .001. See Figure 2.
PC = primary caregiver; AC = alternative caregiver; CU = callous unemotional; DC = deceitful-callous. We specified within-time correlation between DC behavior and behavior problems at ages 2–4 to account for their overlap as reported in previous studies in this sample (see Hyde et al., 2013). Fisher r-to-z transformations showed that correlations with CU behavior at age 9.5 were significantly greater in magnitude for age 3 DC behavior than for age 2 DC behavior within alternative caregiver reports (z = 1.94, p < .05) and across primary and alternative caregivers reports (range, z = 2.11 – 2.34, p < .05). We re-ran models controlling treatment status, project location, child gender, race, and ethnicity, family income, and parent education – findings unchanged