Table 1. Distribution of patients with and without cataracts according to selected covariates.

Characteristic	Cataract (n = 409)		No cataracts (n = 8934)		P value
	n	%	n	%
Male	141	34.5	4383	49.1	<0.001
Ethnic Han	402	98.3	8571	96.0	0.018
Age, years					<0.001
<65	63	15.4	2937	32.9
65–69	93	22.7	2235	25.0
70–74	82	20.0	1377	15.4
75–79	84	20.5	1201	13.4
80–84	58	14.2	797	8.9
≥85	29	7.1	387	4.3
BMI, kg/m2					0.021
18.5–24.99	233	59.4	5513	66.2
<18.50	31	7.9	515	6.2
>24.99	128	32.7	2301	27.6
Education					0.260
Illiterate or semiliterate	188	46.0	4548	50.9
Primary school	189	46.2	3744	41.9
Junior high school	26	6.4	537	6.0
High school graduation or higher	6	1.5	103	1.2
Marital status					<0.001
Unmarried	3	0.7	150	1.7
Married	267	65.3	6746	75.7
Widowed	136	33.3	1979	22.2
Divorced	3	0.7	39	0.4
Pesticide exposure	235	57.7	5457	61.1	0.170
Dust exposure	37	9.3	209	2.5	<0.001
Irritant gas exposure	4	1.0	21	0.3	0.006
Heavy metal exposure	9	2.3	18	0.2	<0.001
Family income, 1000 ¥ per year					<0.001
<10	82	20.1	1972	22.1
10–49	255	62.5	4346	48.8
50–99	46	11.3	1290	14.5
100–149	16	3.9	807	9.1
150–199	3	0.7	338	3.8
≥200	6	1.5	161	1.8
Health insurance	407	99.5	8897	99.6	0.789
High blood pressure	155	37.9	3968	44.4	0.009
Hyperlipidemia	27	6.6	426	4.8	0.092
Diabetes	40	9.8	737	8.2	0.273
Family history of cataracts	17	4.8	24	0.3	<0.001
Smoking					<0.001
Current smoker	48	11.7	1949	21.8
Ex-smoker	40	9.8	883	9.9
Nonsmoker	321	78.5	6102	68.3
Alcohol drinking					0.024
Current drinker	81	19.8	2273	25.4
Ex-drinker	35	8.6	823	9.2
Nondrinker	293	71.6	5838	65.3
Physical activity					<0.001
None	267	65.3	7331	82.1
1–3 times per week	31	7.6	289	3.2
>3 times per week	111	27.1	1314	14.7
Vitamin Aa	2	0.5	16	0.2	0.165
β-carotenea	2	0.5	3	0.03	<0.001
Vitamin Ba	1	0.2	8	0.1	0.326
Vitamin Ca	2	0.5	11	0.1	0.053
Vitamin Ea	1	0.2	15	0.2	0.719
Calcium tabletsa	42	10.3	731	8.2	0.132
Irona	1	0.2	14	0.2	0.669
Tea consumption	58	14.2	2469	27.6	<0.001
Type					<0.001
Nondrinker	351	85.8	6465	72.4
Green tea	43	10.5	1909	21.4
Black tea	8	2.0	480	5.4
Other	7	1.7	80	0.9
Tea intake, cups per week					<0.001
None	351	85.8	6465	72.4
<14	19	4.6	532	6.0
14–27	21	5.1	971	10.9
≥28	18	4.4	966	10.8
Concentration of tea					<0.001
Zero	351	85.8	6465	72.4
Light	20	4.9	582	6.5
Moderate	24	5.9	1457	16.3
Thick	14	3.4	430	4.8

BMI, body mass index.

^aDerived from only dietary supplements and not from diet.