Table 2. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the associations between selected covariates and cataracts.

Parameter	Unadjusted			Multi-adjusteda
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Male	0.55	0.44–0.67	0.000	0.46	0.32–0.66	0.000
Ethnic Han	2.42	1.14–5.14	0.022	1.62	0.7–3.74	0.261
Age, years
<65	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
65–69	1.94	1.40–2.68	0.000	2.22	1.53–3.21	0.000
70–74	2.78	1.99–3.88	0.000	3.81	2.57–5.65	0.000
75–79	3.26	2.34–4.55	0.000	5.57	3.71–8.36	0.000
80–84	3.39	2.36–4.89	0.000	4.85	3.02–7.79	0.000
≥85	3.49	2.22–5.49	0.000	5.24	2.94–9.32	0.000
BMI, kg/m2
18.5–24.99	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
<18.50	1.42	0.97–2.09	0.072	1.37	0.90–2.08	0.142
>24.99	1.32	1.06–1.64	0.015	1.34	1.03–1.74	0.031
Education
Illiterate or semiliterate	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Primary school	1.22	0.99–1.50	0.058	1.57	1.2–2.05	0.001
Junior high school	1.17	0.77–1.78	0.460	1.97	1.18–3.28	0.009
High school graduation or higher	1.41	0.61–3.25	0.421	2.07	0.74–5.78	0.167
Marital status
Married	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Unmarried	0.51	0.16–1.60	0.244	0.59	0.14–2.46	0.470
Widowed	1.74	1.40–2.15	0.000	1.26	0.95–1.66	0.104
Divorced	1.94	0.60–6.33	0.270	4.96	1.42–17.32	0.012
Pesticide exposure	0.87	0.71–1.06	0.170	1.34	1.04–1.72	0.022
Dust exposure	4.01	2.78–5.77	0.000	2.10	1.29–3.40	0.003
Irritant gas exposure	4.05	1.38–11.85	0.011	2.87	0.76–10.84	0.119
Heavy metal exposure	10.74	4.79–24.06	0.000	11.83	4.55–30.75	0.000
Family income, 1000 ¥ per year
<10	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
10–49	1.41	1.09–1.82	0.008	1.44	1.07–1.95	0.018
50–99	0.86	0.59–1.24	0.413	1.12	0.73–1.72	0.611
100–149	0.48	0.28–0.82	0.007	0.86	0.48–1.57	0.631
150–199	0.21	0.07–0.68	0.009	0.17	0.02–1.23	0.079
≥200	0.90	0.39–2.09	0.799	1.29	0.50–3.38	0.600
Health insurance	0.82	0.20–3.43	0.790	0.75	0.18–3.26	0.705
High blood pressure	0.76	0.62–0.94	0.010	0.51	0.40–0.66	0.000
Hyperlipidemia	1.41	0.94–2.11	0.093	1.36	0.83–2.21	0.225
Diabetes	1.21	0.86–1.69	0.274	1.01	0.66–1.54	0.958
Family history of cataract	17.82	9.48–33.48	0.000	14.80	6.98–31.37	0.000
Smoking
Nonsmoker	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Current smoker	0.47	0.34–0.64	0.000	0.82	0.53–1.25	0.346
Ex-smoker	0.86	0.62–1.21	0.383	1.13	0.71–1.8	0.617
Alcohol drinking
Nondrinker	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Current drinker	0.71	0.55–0.91	0.007	1.28	0.92–1.77	0.144
Ex-drinker	0.85	0.59–1.21	0.365	1.07	0.68–1.69	0.779
Physical activity
None	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
1–3 times per week	2.95	1.99–4.35	0.000	3.00	1.92–4.67	0.000
>3 times per week	2.32	1.85–2.92	0.000	1.73	1.30–2.29	0.000
Vitamin Ab	2.72	0.62–11.88	0.183	3.49	0.67–18.34	0.139
β-caroteneb	14.54	2.42–87.26	0.003	3.63	0.37–35.14	0.266
Vitamin Bb	2.72	0.34–21.78	0.346	1.40	0.11–17.4	0.796
Vitamin Cb	3.96	0.88–17.93	0.074	0.92	0.10–8.67	0.941
Vitamin Eb	1.45	0.19–10.99	0.720	1.79	0.21–15.17	0.595
Calcium tabletsb	1.29	0.93–1.79	0.133	1.17	0.79–1.72	0.434
Ironb	1.55	0.20–11.83	0.671	2.39	0.30–19.32	0.415
Tea	0.43	0.33–0.57	0.000	0.65	0.47–0.91	0.013

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

^aAdjusted for sex, ethnicity, age, BMI, education, marriage status, pesticide, dust, irritant gas and heavy metal exposure, family income, health insurance, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, family history of cataract, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and intake of vitamin A, β-carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium tablets and iron.

^bDerived from only dietary supplements and not from diet.