Table 6.

Directionality of symptom attribution between pain, sleep and mood (N = 291).

When symptoms worsen		95 % CI		t	df	Sig	Effect size
Pain affects sleep (1a)		-1.0	-0.8	-19.2	279	0.000	1.1
Sleep affects pain (2a)
Pain affects mood (1b)		-0.6	-0.4	-10.5	269	0.000	0.6
Mood affects pain (3a)
Sleep affects mood (2b)		-0.1	0.1	-0.17	267	0.868
Mood affects sleep (3b)
When symptoms Improve		95 % CI		t	df	Sig	Effect size
Pain affects sleep (1c)		0.2	0.4	5.7	272	0.000	0.4
Sleep affects pain (2c)
Pain affects mood (1d)		0.5	0.7	10.3	268	0.000	0.6
Mood affects pain (3c)
Sleep affects mood (2d)		0.3	0.5	8.0	269	0.000	0.5
Mood affects sleep (3d)

CI, Confidence Interval. Effect size, Cohen’s d.