Table 4.
VOCs found in breath of diabetes patients and healthy normal subjects
| Sl. no. | VOC | Type of diabetes | Applied method | Concentration (ppb) (range/median/mean)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal healthy subjects | Diabetes mellitus patients | ||||
| 1 | Acetone [165, 174, 182, 200, 201, 214, 223–226] | Type 1 Type 1 and 2 Type 2 |
Gas chromatography [214] Sensor-array-based method [165] Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] |
44 [199] to 2744 [83] | 2200 [200] to 21000 [165, 201] (type 1) 1760 [165, 183] to 9400 [200] (type 2) |
| 2 | Ethylbenzene [174, 214] | Type 1 | Gas chromatography [214] | 0.28 [208] to 18.38 [199] | NA |
| 3 | Xylene [174, 223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | 0.54–1.43 [208] | NA |
| 4 | Toluene [174, 223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | 1.45–37.21 [199] | NA |
| 5 | Ethane [174, 227] | Type 1 and 2 | GC–MS analysis [227] | 0.51–1.02 [216] | NA |
| 6 | Pentane [174] | Type 1 Type 1 and 2 |
Gas chromatography [214] GC–MS analysis [233] |
6.84–14.36 [199] | NA |
| 7 | Propane [174, 214] | Type 1 | Gas chromatography [214] | 3.71–19.98 [212] | NA |
| 8 | Isoprene [174] | Type 2 | GC–MS analysis [212] | 12.71 [209] to 227 [210] | NA |
| 9 | Ethanol [174, 214] | Type 1 | Gas chromatography [214] | 27 [217] to 216.1 [218] | NA |
| 10 | Methanol [174, 214] | Type 1 | Gas chromatography [214] | 33.05–216.1 [218] | NA |
| 11 | Isopropanol [223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | 3.21 [199] to 94.1 [13] | NA |
| 12 | 2,3,4-Trimethylhexane [223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | NA | NA |
| 13 | 2,6,8-Trimethyldecane [223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | NA | NA |
| 14 | Tridecane [223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | NA | NA |
| 15 | Undecane [223] | Type 2 | Solid-phase micro extraction GC–MS analysis [223] | 0–4.83 [219] | NA |
NA not available in the literature
aData in other units (e.g., nmol/l, μg/l, etc.) are converted to equivalent ppb unit, considering breath temperature at 310° K and following the conversation formula applied in Ref. [212]