Fig. 3.
Pathways through which macrophage CaMKII promotes plaque necrosis. Activation of CaMKII in macrophages regulates apoptosis through inducing STAT1, JNK–FAS and NOX/ROS pathways. CaMKII also suppresses inflammation resolution through 5-LOX-mediated leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation. CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; FAS, TNF receptor superfamily member 6; NOX, NADPH oxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2; p-5-LOX, phosphorylated-5-lipoxygenase; LTB4, leukotriene B4.