Table 4.

Association of carotenoids and α-tocopherol with age.

	(B)	95% CI	Partial R	(R2)	p
(µmol/L) 1	51.35	49.36, 53.34			<0.001
Lycopene	−6.638	−7.778, −5.499	−0.248	0.059	<0.001
α-Tocopherol	0.289	0.229, 0.348	0.208	0.042	<0.001
α-Carotene	−5.761	−8.012, −3.524	−0.112	0.011	<0.001
β-Cryptoxanthin	5.062	3.302, 6.823	0.125	0.011	<0.001
(µmol/mmol) 2	53.03	50.64, 55.41			<0.001
Lycopene/Cholesterol	−39.15	−45.64, −32.65	−0.256	0.076	<0.001
α-Tocopherol/Cholesterol	1.394	1.009, 1.780	0.157	0.022	<0.001
α-Carotene/Cholesterol	−36.32	−48.68, −23.96	−0.128	0.011	<0.001
β-Cryptoxanthin/Cholesterol	25.85	16.21, 35.49	0.117	0.012	<0.001

¹ Multiple regression analyses (forward stepwise approach) with age (years) as the dependent variable; all measured biomarkers including cholesterol were assessed as covariates in the initial model (n = 2118), sum R = 0.350, sum R² = 0.123; ² Biomarkers adjusted for cholesterol (µmol/mmol) were assessed in the initial model (n = 1993); sum R = 0.348, sum R² = 0.121. Regression coefficient B represents higher (+)/lower (−) age (years) with each unit (µmol/L or µmol/mmol) increase in respective compounds, e.g., per 1 µmol/L increase in lycopene, mean age was 6.6 years lower (−6.638 years).