Table 4.
Characteristics associated with use (≥1 time/week) of specific caffeine products among Navy and Marine Corps personnel. Multivariable logistic regression was used. Data are presented as odds ratios adjusted for other factors listed with 95% confidence intervals. The odds ratio 1.00 represents the reference group for each variable.
| Variable | Strata | Caffeine Beverage or Gum/Medication Consumed ≥1 Time/Week | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Caffeine | Coffee | Tea * | Soda † | Energy Drink | Gum/Medication | ||
| (Model 1) | (Model 2) | (Model 3) | (Model 4) | (Model 5) | (Model 6) | ||
| Gender | Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 1.47 (1.14–1.91) | 0.60 (0.46–0.77) | 0.57 (0.42–0.78) | 2.60 (1.67–4.06) | |
| Age (years) | 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–29 | 2.01 (1.27–3.18) | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) | 0.96 (0.69–1.32) | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | |
| 30–39 | 2.28 (1.40–3.70) | 1.76 (1.25–2.49) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 1.47 (1.06–2.02) | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) | 1.00 (0.57–1.74) | |
| ≥40 | 3.30 (1.67–6.55) | 1.56 (1.02–2.40) | 1.06 (0.71–1.60) | 1.23 (0.83–1.82) | 0.43 (0.27–0.71) | 1.70 (0.88–3.28) | |
| Education | Some high school/high school graduate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 1.29 (0.96–1.72) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) | 1.27 (0.93–1.73) | 1.21 (0.74–2.00) | |
| College degree | 1.18 (0.70–2.00) | 1.73 (1.21–2.48) | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.62 (0.42–0.91) | 0.77 (0.41–1.43) | |
| Marital status | Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 1.20 (0.84–1.71) | 1.17 (0.91–1.52) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | |
| Race/ethnicity | White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | 0.31 (0.20–0.49) | 0.34 (0.24–0.48) | 0.96 (0.68–1.36) | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.52 (0.35–0.79) | 0.86 (0.50–1.48) | |
| Hispanic | 0.56 (0.37–0.86) | 1.00 (0.72–1.36) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 0.61 (0.46–0.83) | 0.56 (0.40–0.78) | 0.74 (0.43–1.28) | |
| Other | 0.47 (0.28–0.78) | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | 0.52 (0.24–1.11) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <25.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) | 1.49 (1.16–1.91) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 1.40 (1.08–1.83) | 1.43 (0.93–2.21) | |
| ≥30.0 | 1.37 (0.70–2.68) | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) | 1.55 (1.00–2.41) | 2.22 (1.19–4.16) | |
| Alcohol consumption | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <1.33 g/day | 1.73 (1.12–2.70) | 1.53 (1.11–2.13) | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | 1.07 (0.78–1.47) | 1.75 (1.20–2.55) | 1.29 (0.74–2.25) | |
| 1.33–3.99 g/day | 2.52 (1.53–4.13) | 2.20 (1.57–3.09) | 1.15 (0.82–1.61) | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | 1.40 (0.96–2.04) | 1.18 (0.66–2.09) | |
| 4.00–8.91 g/day | 2.46 (1.48–4.08) | 2.65 (1.86–3.76) | 1.52 (1.09–2.13) | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | 1.60 (1.09–2.35) | 0.88 (0.47–1.65) | |
| ≥8.92 g/day | 3.26 (1.90–5.59) | 3.07 (2.14–4.39) | 1.33 (0.94–1.87) | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | 1.82 (1.25–2.66) | 1.57 (0.89–2.76) | |
| Aerobic exercise duration | <101 min/week | 0.82 (0.54–1.33) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 1.00 (0.72–1.38) | 1.17 (0.86–1.61) | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) |
| 101–180 min/week | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | 0.94 (0.65–1.35) | 0.53 (0.30–0.94) | |
| 181–290 min/week | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 1.05 (0.77–1.42) | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) | |
| ≥291 min/week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Resistance training duration | <46 min/week | 1.69 (1.04–2.76) | 1.07 (0.74–1.53) | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | 1.60 (1.14–2.23) | 0.78 (0.54–1.14) | 0.98 (0.55–1.75) |
| 46–135 min/week | 1.70 (1.05–2.77) | 1.39 (0.99–1.96) | 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | 1.55 (1.13–2.12) | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 0.75 (0.43–1.33) | |
| 136–270 min/week | 1.22 (0.77–1.93) | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) | 1.14 (0.83–1.58) | 0.95 (0.67–1.36) | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | |
| ≥271 min/week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Sleep duration | ≤4 h/night | 1.51 (0.46–4.90) | 0.82 (0.31–2.16) | 1.48 (0.55–4.00) | 2.59 (0.96–7.00) | 3.18 (1.08–9.38) | 1.70 (0.41–7.04) |
| 5–6 h/night | 1.90 (0.72–5.01) | 1.30 (0.57–2.98) | 1.27 (0.54–2.97) | 2.14 (0.91–5.06) | 1.65 (0.63–4.30) | 0.98 (0.28–3.46) | |
| 7–8 h/night | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| ≥9 h/night | 1.30 (0.49–3.43) | 1.06 (0.46–2.43) | 1.38 (0.59–3.24) | 1.70 (0.72–4.02) | 0.92 (0.35–2.41) | 0.56 (0.15–2.00) | |
| Service | Marine Corps | 1.02 (0.72–1.46) | 0.99 (0.78–1.27) | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 1.71 (1.32–2.22) | 0.83 (0.56–1.24) |
| Navy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.09 | |
* Includes hot and other teas. † Includes cola-type beverages and other sodas.