Table 8.
Characteristics associated with use (≥1 time/week) of specific caffeine products among Marine Corps personnel. Multivariable logistic regression was used. Data are presented as odds ratios adjusted for other factors listed with 95% confidence intervals. The odds ratio 1.00 represents the reference group for each variable.
| Variable | Strata | Caffeine Beverage or Gum/Medication Consumed ≥1 Time/Week | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Caffeine | Coffee | Tea * | Soda † | Energy Drink | Gum/Medication | ||
| (Model 1) | (Model 2) | (Model 3) | (Model 4) | (Model 5) | (Model 6) | ||
| Gender | Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Women | 1.08 (0.66–1.77) | 1.17 (0.82–1.68) | 1.45 (1.02–2.07) | 0.58 (0.41–0.82) | 0.64 (0.43–0.93) | 3.15 (1.66–5.99) | |
| Age (years) | 18–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–29 | 1.93 (1.11–3.38) | 1.11 (0.74–1.67) | 0.93 (0.62–1.41) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 0.49 (0.22–1.09) | |
| 30–39 | 3.59 (1.85–6.96) | 1.76 (1.13–2.73) | 0.91 (0.59–1.40) | 1.81 (1.19–2.74) | 0.93 (0.60–1.44) | 0.77 (0.37–1.62) | |
| ≥40 | 3.15 (1.22–8.11) | 1.61 (0.88–2.93) | 0.98 (0.55–1.75) | 1.51 (0.87–2.62) | 0.32 (0.17–0.62) | 1.60 (0.62–4.13) | |
| Education | Some high school/high school graduate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some college | 0.97 (0.61–1.55) | 1.16 (0.82–1.65) | 1.01 (0.71–1.45) | 0.65 (0.46–0.92) | 1.29 (0.90–1.87) | 1.65 (0.87–3.15) | |
| College degree | 1.39 (0.66–2.92) | 1.83 (1.14–2.94) | 0.93 (0.59–1.47) | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) | 0.58 (0.36–0.94) | 0.88 (0.36–2.16) | |
| Marital status | Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 1.32 (0.84–2.07) | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | 1.24 (0.87–1.77) | 1.56 (0.83–2.92) | |
| Race/ethnicity | White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Black | 0.59 (0.35–0.96) | 0.44 (0.27–0.73) | 1.27 (0.77–2.08) | 0.74 (0.44–1.21) | 0.54 (0.31–0.89) | 1.05 (0.48–2.29) | |
| Hispanic | 0.77 (0.37–1.58) | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.87 (0.60–1.27) | 0.54 (0.38–0.78) | 0.46 (0.31–0.70) | 0.89 (0.47–1.68) | |
| Other | 0.40 (0.22–0.75) | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 1.44 (0.88–2.35) | 0.76 (0.47–1.24) | 0.56 (0.32–0.96) | 0.41 (0.13–1.24) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <25.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 0.77 (0.49–1.23) | 1.40 (1.02–1.95) | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 1.21 (0.87–1.70) | 1.64 (0.89–3.02) | |
| ≥30.0 | 1.04 (0.35–3.04) | 1.83 (0.88–3.81) | 0.82 (0.41–1.67) | 0.61 (0.31–1.18) | 1.31 (0.66–2.59) | 3.48 (1.24–9.74) | |
| Alcohol consumption | None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <1.33 g/day | 1.57 (0.89–2.76) | 1.87 (1.23–2.86) | 1.42 (0.92–2.18) | 1.08 (0.71–1.64) | 1.95 (1.23–3.10) | 1.21 (0.58–2.49) | |
| 1.33–3.99 g/day | 2.13 (1.14–3.98) | 2.48 (1.59–3.84) | 1.15 (0.73–1.80) | 1.30 (0.85–1.98) | 1.65 (1.03–2.63) | 0.84 (0.38–1.84) | |
| 4.00–8.91 g/day | 2.25 (1.16–4.37) | 2.75 (1.75–4.35) | 1.49 (0.95–2.34) | 1.45 (0.74–1.77) | 1.65 (1.02–2.67) | 1.07 (0.48–2.36) | |
| ≥8.92 g/day | 2.27 (1.18–4.39) | 3.37 (2.12–5.36) | 1.45 (0.92–2.27) | 1.44 (0.94–2.21) | 1.82 (1.13–2.92) | 1.05 (0.46–2.36) | |
| Aerobic exercise duration | <101 min/week | 0.92 (0.50–1.68) | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 1.01 (0.65–1.55) | 1.10 (0.73–1.67) | 1.09 (0.70–1.72) | 0.35 (0.15–0.83) |
| 101–180 min/week | 1.19 (0.64–2.19) | 0.90 (0.58–1.40) | 1.01 (0.65–1.55) | 1.42 (0.94–2.15) | 1.17 (0.75–1.83) | 0.63 (0.29–1.37) | |
| 181–290 min/week | 0.99 (0.56–1.79) | 0.83 (0.54–1.26) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 1.07 (0.72–1.58) | 1.26 (0.82–1.93) | 0.93 (0.48–1.81) | |
| ≥291 min/week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Resistance training duration | <46 min/week | 1.35 (0.70–2.60) | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) | 1.81 (1.15–2.82) | 0.87 (0.54–1.39) | 0.84 (0.38–1.86) |
| 46–135 min/week | 1.56 (0.83–2.91) | 1.39 (0.89–2.16) | 0.76 (0.50–1.18) | 1.42 (0.94–2.15) | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) | 0.53 (0.24–1.16) | |
| 136–270 min/week | 0.98 (0.56–1.71) | 0.88 (0.58–1.35) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 1.17 (0.78–1.74) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) | 0.83 (0.40–1.69) | |
| ≥271 min/week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Sleep duration | ≤4 h/night | 0.85 (0.37–1.96) | 0.82 (0.42–1.58) | 1.15 (0.60–2.21) | 1.80 (0.94–3.43) | 4.17 (2.14–8.14) | 4.16 (1.51–11.47) |
| 5–6 h/night | 1.36 (0.88–2.11) | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) | 0.91 (0.68–1.23) | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | 2.17 (1.57–3.00) | 2.38 (1.30–4.36) | |
| 7–8 h/night | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| ≥9 h/night | 0.41 (0.13–1.29) | 0.92 (0.30–2.77) | 0.60 (0.18–1.94) | 0.53 (0.16–1.72) | 0.54 (0.11–2.53) | 2.67 (0.52–13.96) | |
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.13 | |
* Includes hot and other teas. † Includes cola-type beverages and other sodas.