| PLC | primary liver cancer |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| HCV | hepatitis C virus |
| VA | Vitamin A |
| HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| ATBC | the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study |
| CARET | Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial |
| GPS | generalized propensity score |
| NCCN | National Comprehensive Cancer Network |
| FFQ | food frequency questionnaire |
| OR | odds ratios |
| RE | retinol equivalent |
| SELECT | the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
| 8-OhdG | 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine |
| HSC | hepatic stellate cells |
| MET | metabolic equivalent |
| WHR | waist-to-hip ratio retinol |
| BMI | Body mass index |