Table 3.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of primary liver cancer according to quartiles of vitamin A, carotenes, and retinol intake.
| Amount | n (Cases/Controls) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) # | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile of VA (μg RE/day) | ||||
| Q1 | ≤753 | 276/161 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 753–1024 | 149/161 | 0.54 (0.40–0.73) *** | 0.53 (0.39–0.73) *** |
| Q3 | 1024–1421 | 122/161 | 0.44 (0.33–0.60) *** | 0.44 (0.32–0.60) *** |
| Q4 | >1421 | 97/161 | 0.35 (0.26–0.48) *** | 0.34 (0.24–0.48) *** |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Quartile of Carotenes (μg/day) | ||||
| Q1 | ≤3123 | 272/161 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 3123–4556 | 163/161 | 0.60 (0.45–0.80) ** | 0.56 (0.41–0.77) *** |
| Q3 | 4556–6356 | 110/161 | 0.40 (0.30–0.55) *** | 0.41 (0.29–0.57) *** |
| Q4 | >6356 | 99/161 | 0.36 (0.27–0.50) *** | 0.35 (0.25–0.49) *** |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Quartile of Retinol (μg/day) | ||||
| Q1 | ≤125 | 266/161 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 125–191 | 146/161 | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) *** | 0.49 (0.36–0.68) *** |
| Q3 | 191–308 | 108/161 | 0.41 (0.30–0.56) *** | 0.34 (0.24–0.48) *** |
| Q4 | >308 | 124/161 | 0.47 (0.34–0.63) *** | 0.37 (0.27–0.52) *** |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; #: adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education level, income level, smoking, alcohol drinking, tea drinking, and physical activity.