Table 2.
Associations between parental and child characteristics and the intake of total, industrial, and natural trans fatty acid (TFA) among the children aged 4–5 years of the INMA Study.
| Total TFA (mg/Day) | Industrial TFA (mg/Day) | Natural TFA (mg/Day) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β 1 | 95% CI | I2, % 2 | β 1 | 95% CI | I2, % 2 | β 1 | 95% CI | I2, % 2 | |
| Parental characteristics | |||||||||
| Maternal age, years | −1.6 | −11.8; 8.6 | 81.3 3 | 0.7 | −4.4; 5.8 | 57.8 | −2.2 | −7.4; 2.9 | 64.7 3 |
| Paternal age, years | −0.6 | −4.2; 3.1 | 59.6 | −0.5 | −3.2; 2.3 | 0.0 | −0.3 | −6.1; 5.5 | 81.0 3 |
| Country of origin other than Spain | 45.5 | 1.3; 89.6 | 0.0 | −13.6 | −47.8; 20.5 | 0.0 | 65.7 | 37.4; 94.0 | 0.0 |
| Mother’s educational level | |||||||||
| Primary or no education | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Secondary | −11.0 | −48.1; 26.0 | 25.6 | −1.5 | −42.9; 40.0 | 53.0 | −17.6 | −42.1; 6.9 | 25.9 |
| University | −8.0 | −82.6; 66.6 | 61.3 | 15.3 | −49.7; 19.2 | 35.2 | 13.9 | −16.8; 44.6 | 44.0 |
| Mother’s social class | |||||||||
| Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||
| Middle | 11.1 | −28.2; 50.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | −28.1; 29.6 | 26.3 | 5.0 | −21.9; 31.9 | 0.0 |
| High | −1.1 | −43.0; 40.8 | 31.2 | −20.4 | −51.5; 10.7 | 20.4 | 16.0 | −12.7; 44.7 | 0.0 |
| Child’s characteristics | |||||||||
| Physical activity (parentally reported) | |||||||||
| Sedentary | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Active | −1.0 | −28.7; 26.6 | 0.0 | −16.4 | −37.0; 4.2 | 0.0 | 12.2 | −6.5; 30.9 | 0.0 |
| TV viewing, h/day | 16.0 | −0.5; 32.6 | 39.9 | 18.3 | 5.9; 30.7 | 0.0 | −2.9 | −13.9; 8.1 | 22.4 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake, 100 g/day | −85.5 | −104.8; −66.1 | 63.6 3 | −46.6 | −61.9; −31.3 | 67.7 3 | −36.9 | −44.9; −28.9 | 40.3 |
| Sweetened beverage intake, 100 g/day | −27.6 | −41.1; −14.0 | 0.0 | 8.5 | −1.7; 18.7 | 0.0 | −34.8 | −43.6; −26.0 | 0.0 |
1 The cohort specific linear regression models were combined using meta-analysis. All models were adjusted for the child’s sex, age, energy intake and all variables in the table. 2 We used the fixed-effects meta-analysis model when I2 was <50% and the random-effects meta-analysis model when I2 ≥ 50%. 3 pCochran Q < 0.05 from the test of heterogeneity.