Table 2.

General characteristics of men according to vitamin D levels.

Variables	Vitamin D Sufficiency * (n = 544)	Hypovitaminosis D * (n = 69)	p-Value	Effect Size
Age (years)	70.78 ± 0.24	71.42 ± 0.54	0.272	0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.42 ± 0.14	24.04 ± 0.36	0.096	0.004
Waist circumference (cm)	84.83 ± 0.44	86.87 ± 1.13	0.088	0.006
Low household income	72.9 ± 2.6 (393)	72.5 ± 6.0 (50)	0.940	0.003
Urban residence	70.3 ± 4.0 (378)	88.0 ± 4.4 (59)	0.007	0.108
Current smoker	21.4 ± 2.0 (121)	34.9 ± 6.6 (20)	0.034	0.033
Alcohol drinker	60.0 ± 2.6 (319)	65.3 ± 6.3 (45)	0.472	0.028
Regular exercise	50.0 ± 2.5 (264)	60.6 ± 5.6 (43)	0.086	0.074
Alone at home	6.5 ± 1.1 (39)	9.6 ± 3.7 (8)	0.359	0.048
Hypertension	83.5 ± 2.0 (255)	76.9 ± 6.4 (32)	0.301	0.069
Diabetes mellitus	48.0 ± 4.0 (94)	55.4 ± 9.6 (18)	0.476	0.043
Dyslipidemia	53.0 ± 4.2 (90)	51.5 ± 10.6 (13)	0.889	0.039
Energy intake (kJ/day)	8363 ± 172.84	4941 ± 309.11	0.028	0.009
Sleep duration (h/day)	6.93 ± 0.10	7.01 ± 0.66	0.903	0.006
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L)	51.17 ± 0.72	24.38 ± 0.70	<0.001	0.295
High stress †	11.2 ± 1.7 (63)	11.6 ± 3.7 (11)	0.912	0.036

Data are presented as estimated means ± standard errors (%; unweighted number) for categorical variables or estimated means ± standard errors for continuous variables. p-values were obtained by Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables or general linear model analysis for continuous variables using a complex sample design. Effect size was determined by partial eta squared or Cramer’s V. * Vitamin D sufficiency was defined as a 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level ≥ 30 nmol/L. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level < 30 nmol/L; ^† High stress (score of 3 or 4) was classified using a self-reported questionnaire using the following question: “During usual life activities, how much do you feel stressed?” (1 = almost no stress, 2 = a little stress, 3 = much stress, 4 = very much stress).