Table 3.

General characteristics of women according to vitamin D levels.

Variables	Vitamin D Sufficiency * (n = 642)	Hypovitaminosis D * (n = 138)	p-Value	Effect Size
Age (years)	71.99 ± 0.25	70.69 ± 0.56	<0.001	0.003
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.37 ± 0.17	25.02 ± 0.35	0.111	0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	83.03 ± 0.48	84.08 ± 0.88	0.277	0.000
Low household income	81.8 ± 1.9 (501)	80.2 ± 3.8 (108)	0.708	0.012
Urban residence	66.3 ± 4.2 (417)	75.1 ± 6.0 (108)	0.141	0.120
Current smoker	3.6 ± 0.9 (18)	3.9 ± 1.8 (53)	0.877	0.017
Alcohol drinker	20.1 ± 1.9 (126)	19.3 ± 4.2 (26)	0.868	0.010
Regular exercise	64.4 ± 2.4 (415)	72.7 ± 4.7 (94)	0.142	0.026
Alone in home	26.2 ± 1.9 (192)	18.3 ± 3.6 (32)	0.074	0.054
Hypertension	90.1 ± 1.3 (370)	91.6 ± 2.8 (83)	0.638	0.010
Diabetes mellitus	63.8 ± 3.6 (110)	56.8 ± 8.6 (22)	0.476	0.041
Dyslipidemia	74.9 ± 2.8 (160)	73.0 ± 6.3 (47)	0.783	0.013
Energy intake (kJ/day)	6163 ± 130.58	6091 ± 183.59	0.748	0.000
Sleep duration (h/day)	6.49 ± 0.32	7.53 ± 1.35	0.454	0.000
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L)	50.12 ± 0.85	25.10 ± 0.37	<0.001	0.348
High stress †	25.4 ± 2.4 (163)	31.1 ± 5.0 (41)	0.305	0.025

Data are presented as estimated means ± standard errors (%; unweighted number) for categorical variables or estimated means ± standard errors for continuous variables. p-values were obtained by Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables or general linear model analysis for continuous variables using a complex sample design. Effect size was determined by partial eta squared or Cramer’s V. * Vitamin D sufficiency was defined as a 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level ≥ 30 nmol/L. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level < 30 nmol/L. ^† High stress (score of 3 or 4) was classified using a self-reported questionnaire using the following question: “During usual life activities, how much do you feel stressed?” (1 = almost no stress, 2 = a little stress, 3 = much stress, 4 = very much stress).