Table 2.

Comparative analysis of pediatric DED between urban and rural groups

	Urban	Rural	P
Subjects (N)	630	286
Age (years)	9.51 ± 1.00	9.52 ± 1.00	0.91b
Dry eye disease (%)	8.3	2.8	0.03a
Visual acuity (logMAR)	0.42 ± 0.57	0.23 ± 0.45	<0.001b
SE (diopter)	−2.13 ± 2.34	−1.98 ± 1.58	0.41b
Use of glass (%)	42.9	32.9	0.04a
Related with DED Risk Factors
Use of smartphones (%)	61.3	51	0.04a
Smartphone use/day (hours)	0.93 ± 1.01	0.47 ± 0.69	<0.001b
Computer use/day (hours)	0.84 ± 0.29	0.68 ± 0.46	<0.001b
TV use/day (hours)	1.05 ± 0.48	1.15 ± 0.64	0.08b
Learning/day (hours)	2.50 ± 0.95	2.05 ± 1.07	<0.001b
Related with DED Protective Factors
Sleep/day (hours)	7.88 ± 0.84	7.84 ± 0.87	0.57b
Outdoor activity/day (hours)	2.06 ± 1.13	2.57 ± 0.95	<0.001b

DED dry eye disease, SE spherical equivalent, logMAR logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, TV television

^aBy Pearson’s Chi-square test, ^bBy independent t test