. 2016 Oct 28;16:188. doi: 10.1186/s12886-016-0364-4

Table 4.

Analysis of risk factors and protective factors for pediatric DED

	Normal	DED	OR (95 % CI)	P
Related with DED Risk Factors
Smartphone use/day (hours)	0.62 ± 0.68	3.18 ± 0.97	13.07 (5.99–28.52)	<0.001^a
Computer use/day (hours)	0.76 ± 0.34	1.10 ± 0.53	0.94 (0.20–4.42)	0.94^a
TV use/day (hours)	1.07 ± 0.54	1.18 ± 0.40	0.20 (0.03–1.43)	0.11^a
Learning/day (hours)	2.31 ± 1.02	3.10 ± 0.50	2.51 (0.90–7.03)	0.08^a
Related with DED Protective Factors
Sleep/day (hours)	7.88 ± 0.86	7.70 ± 0.61	0.63 (0.22–1.77)	0.38^a
Outdoor activity/day (hours)	2.27 ± 1.12	1.47 ± 0.32	0.33 (0.14–0.79)	<0.01^a

DED dry eye disease, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval

^aBy Multivariate binominal logistic regression analysis