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. 2016 Oct 27;7:157. doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0416-y

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 4 — Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protect and restore Kupffer cells by inhibiting apoptosis but not by promoting proliferation. At 6 h post-transplantation, liver grafts from each group were collected for quantitative RT-PCR analysis and immunofluorescence staining. a Intrahepatic mRNA level of F4/80 was detected by quantitative RT-PCR (N = 6 for each group). b F4/80 immunofluorescence staining of frozen liver graft tissues were visualized by confocal scanning. Representative images from one experiment are shown at 600× magnification. c Intrahepatic F4/80-positive cells in each section were counted for statistical analysis (N = 6 for each group). d Proliferation of Kupffer cells was detected by Ki67 (green) and F4/80 (red) double staining. Representative images from one experiment are shown at 600× magnification. e The percentage of Ki67⁺ F4/80⁺ cells in total F4/80⁺ Kupffer cells was counted and calculated for statistical analysis (N = 3 for each group). f Apoptosis of Kupffer cells was detected by TUNEL (green) and F4/80 (red) double staining. Representative images from one experiment are shown at 600× magnification. g The percentage of TUNEL⁺ F4/80⁺ cells in total F4/80⁺ Kupffer cells was counted and calculated for statistical analysis (N = 3 for each group). a, c, e, g Results are presented as mean ± SEM for each group. ***P < 0.001. NHB non-heart-beating, TUNEL terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling