Figure 2.

Lectin–antibody ELISA for fucosylated haptoglobin and changes in the fucosylated haptoglobin glycosylation pattern in pancreatic carcinogenesis. A polyclonal antibody for the haptoglobin β‐chain was coated onto the ELISA plate after deleting the Fc portion of the antibody. Biotinylated Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL)/Pholiota squarrosa lectin (PhoSL) was used as the second antibody to detect fucosylation. PhoSL recognizes core fucose, whereas AAL recognizes all types of fucosylation. In normal controls, serum haptoglobin is scarcely fucosylated and core fucosylation levels of haptoglobin are increased at the stage of chronic pancreatitis. In contrast, an increase in the Lewis type of fucosylation was observed on haptoglobin, which might be a sign of distant metastasis to the liver. Asn, Asparagine; CP, chronic pancreatitis; HV, healthy volunteers; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.