Table 1.

Summary of major oncolytic viruses under clinical development

	Virus	Gene modification	Gene insertion	Target disease	Company	Status
T‐Vec (Imlygic, talimogene laherparepvec)	HSV‐1	γ34.5, α47	Human GM‐CSF	Unresected stage IIIB to IV melanoma	Amgen	The drug is approved in the USA in 2015 and in Europe in 2016
G47∆	HSV‐1	γ34.5, ICP6, α47	lacZ	Glioblastoma	Investigator‐initiated	A phase II study started in 2015. It was designated as Sakigake breakthrough therapy by MHLW of Japan
JX‐594 (Pexa‐vec, pexastimogene devacirepvec)	Vaccinia virus	Thymidine kinase	Human GM‐CSF, lacZ	Advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma	Sillajen	A phase III started in 2015
CG0070	Adenovirus	E2F‐1 promoter /E1A gene	Human GM‐CSF	Non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure	Cold Genesys	A phase II/III randomized controlled trial is ongoing in patients with bladder cancer
Reolysin (pelareorep)	Reovirus	None		Metastatic and/or recurrent head and neck cancer	Oncolytics Biotech	A phase III is completed. It received an orphan drug designation from FDA