Table 2.

Height for age z‐score regressions pooled across years for full sample

Model	(1) Bangladesh	(2) Nepal	(3) India	(4) Pakistan
Asset index, 1–10	0.069***	0.047***	0.071***	0.054***
	(0.0067)	(0.0078)	(0.0059)	(0.0172)
Maternal education (years)	0.023***	0.028***	0.022***	0.032***
	(0.0041)	(0.0052)	(0.0028)	(0.0084)
Paternal education (years)	0.024***	0.018***	0.014***	0.021***
	(0.0034)	(0.0039)	(0.0024)	(0.0068)
Four or more antenatal visits	0.053	0.095**	0.069***	0.137**
	(0.032)	(0.0380)	(0.0211)	(0.0664)
Born in a medical facility	0.114***	0.146***	0.071***	0.254***
	(0.037)	(0.0475)	(0.0218)	(0.0714)
Open defecation†	−0.150***	−0.172***	−0.165***	−0.185*
	(0.0417)	(0.0617)	(0.0386)	(0.101)
Piped water‡	0.0201	−0.149***	−0.0790*	−0.138
	(0.0667)	(0.0519)	(0.0464)	(0.109)
Tube well water‡	0.282***	0.198***	−0.0239	−0.0172
	(0.0763)	(0.0515)	(0.0449)	(0.0922)
Birth interval	0.049***	0.032***	0.044***	0.043**
	(0.0060)	(0.0086)	(0.0057)	(0.0168)
Number of children	−0.030***	−0.022**	−0.035***	−0.031**
	(0.0098)	(0.0102)	(0.0068)	(0.0140)
Female child	0.005	0.017	0.041***	0.062
	(0.0205)	(0.0249)	(0.0152)	(0.0470)
R‐squared	0.183	0.236	0.175	0.223
N	16279	9852	39568	4865

Notes: Village‐level clustered standard errors in parentheses. ^{*, **} and ^*** indicate significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively. The regressions earlier include a number of time‐variant controls, including regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, month‐specific child age dummy variables and dummy variables for various categories of maternal age.

^† ‘Open defecation’ is measured as a cubic fraction for Bangladesh and Pakistan to capture the non‐linear relationships observed in the non‐parametric graphs (otherwise linear).

^‡ ‘Piped water’ and ‘Tube well water’ is measured as a cubic fraction for all countries except for India to capture the non‐linear relationships observed in the non‐parametric graphs (otherwise linear).