Table 2.
Model | (1) Bangladesh | (2) Nepal | (3) India | (4) Pakistan |
---|---|---|---|---|
Asset index, 1–10 | 0.069*** | 0.047*** | 0.071*** | 0.054*** |
(0.0067) | (0.0078) | (0.0059) | (0.0172) | |
Maternal education (years) | 0.023*** | 0.028*** | 0.022*** | 0.032*** |
(0.0041) | (0.0052) | (0.0028) | (0.0084) | |
Paternal education (years) | 0.024*** | 0.018*** | 0.014*** | 0.021*** |
(0.0034) | (0.0039) | (0.0024) | (0.0068) | |
Four or more antenatal visits | 0.053 | 0.095** | 0.069*** | 0.137** |
(0.032) | (0.0380) | (0.0211) | (0.0664) | |
Born in a medical facility | 0.114*** | 0.146*** | 0.071*** | 0.254*** |
(0.037) | (0.0475) | (0.0218) | (0.0714) | |
Open defecation† | −0.150*** | −0.172*** | −0.165*** | −0.185* |
(0.0417) | (0.0617) | (0.0386) | (0.101) | |
Piped water‡ | 0.0201 | −0.149*** | −0.0790* | −0.138 |
(0.0667) | (0.0519) | (0.0464) | (0.109) | |
Tube well water‡ | 0.282*** | 0.198*** | −0.0239 | −0.0172 |
(0.0763) | (0.0515) | (0.0449) | (0.0922) | |
Birth interval | 0.049*** | 0.032*** | 0.044*** | 0.043** |
(0.0060) | (0.0086) | (0.0057) | (0.0168) | |
Number of children | −0.030*** | −0.022** | −0.035*** | −0.031** |
(0.0098) | (0.0102) | (0.0068) | (0.0140) | |
Female child | 0.005 | 0.017 | 0.041*** | 0.062 |
(0.0205) | (0.0249) | (0.0152) | (0.0470) | |
R‐squared | 0.183 | 0.236 | 0.175 | 0.223 |
N | 16279 | 9852 | 39568 | 4865 |
Notes: Village‐level clustered standard errors in parentheses. *, ** and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively. The regressions earlier include a number of time‐variant controls, including regional fixed effects, year fixed effects, month‐specific child age dummy variables and dummy variables for various categories of maternal age.
‘Open defecation’ is measured as a cubic fraction for Bangladesh and Pakistan to capture the non‐linear relationships observed in the non‐parametric graphs (otherwise linear).
‘Piped water’ and ‘Tube well water’ is measured as a cubic fraction for all countries except for India to capture the non‐linear relationships observed in the non‐parametric graphs (otherwise linear).