Table 2.
Neuroimaging studies in anxiety in Parkinson's disease (PD)
| Study | Subjects | Sex (M/F) | H and Y (Mean ± SD) | Duration of PD (years) | UPDRS‐III | Imaging modality | Imaging analytical method | Diagnosis/measurement | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceravolo et al. (2013) 20 | 44 PDs | No data | No data | 1.14 ± 0.98 | 17.9 ± 7.7 | [123I]FP‐CIT SPECT | ROI | DSM‐IV‐TR/ HAM‐D, HAM‐A, BDI | Positive correlation between anxiety and DAT binding bi. caudate and putamen |
| Erro et al. (2012) 51 |
9 anxPDs 25 PDs |
4/5 18/7 |
No data |
14.9 ± 3.5 16.2 ± 3.1 |
15.5 ± 5.7 13.3 ± 6.1 |
[123I]FP‐CIT SPECT | ROI | HADS‐A |
PDs > anxPDs: DAT density in bi. caudate and left putamen Inverse correlation between anxiety and DAT density in right caudate |
| Huang et al. (2013) 14 |
26 PDs 12 HCs |
16/10 7/5 |
1–2.5 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | No data | [18F]FDG‐PET, T1‐weighted |
ROI (PET) WB (T1) |
BDI, BAI, AES |
Inverse correlation between anxiety and metabolic elevations in bi. caudate No volumetric difference between HCs and PDs |
| Moriyama et al. (2011) 52 |
12 sad‐PDs 20 PDs |
9/3 15/5 |
2.6 ± 0.9 2.6 ± 0.5 |
7.1 ± 3.8 9.0 ± 6.2 |
34.7 ± 16.1 31.7 ± 12.2 |
99mTc‐TRODAT‐1 SPECT | ROI | DSM‐IV‐TR/BSPS | DAT binding potential was positively correlated with anxiety for bi. putamen and left putamen |
| Remy et al. (2005) 17 |
8 dPDs 12 PDs 7 HCs |
5/3 9/3 |
1–3.5 1–3.5 |
3.1 ± 1.8 4.9 ± 2.6 |
24.3 ± 11.2 23.3 ± 6.7 |
[11C]RTI‐32 PET | ROI | BDI, AES, STAS | Inverse correlation between anxiety and binding value in left ventral striatum, caudate, locus coeruleus, inferior thalamic region and bi. amygdala and medial thalamus |
| Weintraub et al. (2005) 28 |
76 PDs 46 HCs |
57/19 24/22 |
No data | 7.5 ± 5.5 | No data | 99mTc‐TRODAT‐1 SPECT | ROI | POMS, STAS | Inverse correlation between anxiety and DAT availability in left anterior putamen |
| Tinaz et al. (2011) 53 |
15 PDs 15 HCs |
No data | 2.17 ± 0.3 | 6 ± 2.8 | 31.53 ± 5.84 | T1‐weighted | ROI | STAS | No significant correlation between anxiety and brain volumetric features |
| Vriend et al. (2015) 54 | 110 PDs | 66/44 | 2.08 ± 0.58 | 3.3 ± 3.6 | 24.9 ± 10.4 | T1‐weighted | ROI | BAI, BDI | Inverse correlation between affective symptoms of anxiety and volume of left amygdala |
AES, Apathy Evaluation Scale; anxPDs, PD patients with anxiety; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; bi., bilateral; BSPS, Brief Social Phobia Scale; DAT, dopamine transporter; dPDs, PD patients with depression; DSM‐IV‐TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision; HADS‐A, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale − Anxiety Subscale; HAM‐A, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAM‐D, Hamilton Depression Scale; HCs, healthy controls; PDs, patients with PD disease alone; PET, positron emission tomography; POMS, Profile of Mood States; ROI, region of interest; sad‐PDs, PD patients with social anxiety disorder; SPECT, single‐photon emission computed tomography; STAS, State–Trait Anxiety Scale; UPDRS‐III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III; WB, whole brain.