Table 7.
Adjusted odds ratios of stunting and severe stunting in children 0–23 months old by child, maternal and household characteristics. In‐depth analysis of the 2012 Comprehensive Nutrition Survey in the state of Maharashtra, India
| Age group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–23 months old | 0–5 months old | 6–23 months old | 6–23 months old | |||||
| Stunting | Sev. stunting | Stunting | Sev. stunting | Stunting | Sev. stunting | Stunting | Sev. stunting | |
| AOR | AOR | AOR | AOR | AOR | AOR | AOR | AOR | |
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
| Age (12–23 months vs. 0–11 months) | 4.642*** | 5.803*** | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 3.556–6.084 | 3.645–9.240 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Sex (boys vs. girls) | 1.377*** | 1.749*** | 2.080** | 6.025* | 1.337** | 1.717*** | 1.353** | 1.723*** |
| 1.106–1.737 | 1.210–2.530 | 1.031–4.364 | 0.903–40.21 | 1.058–1.690 | 1.169–2.522 | 1.068–1.713 | 1.171–2.535 | |
| Birthweight (<2500 g vs. >2500 g) | 2.494*** | 2.367*** | 6.813*** | 29.39*** | 2.101*** | 2.000*** | 2.117*** | 2.064*** |
| 1.956–3.266 | 1.619–3.462 | 3.381–13.79 | 5.525–156.3 | 1.607–2.747 | 1.338–2.990 | 1.615–2.774 | 1.373–3.101 | |
| Child (12–23 months) is fully immunized (no vs. yes) | 1.157 | 0.894 | — | — | — | —c | — | — |
| 0.901–1.498 | 0.600–1.332 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Child faeces are safely disposed of faeces (no vs. yes) | 1.01 | 0.987 | 0.97 | 2.713 | 1.148 | 1.063 | 1.14 | 1.023 |
| 0.783–1.328 | 0.641–1.518 | 0.452–2.046 | 0.477–15.44 | 0.872–1.513 | 0.681–1.658 | 0.862–1.506 | 0.653–1.602 | |
| Mother's age (<18 years vs. ≥18 years) | 1.043 | 0.972 | 0.696 | 0.491 | 0.852 | 0.871 | 0.835 | 0.857 |
| 0.657–1.651 | 0.482–1.962 | 0.209–2.384 | 0.0348–6.924 | 0.523–1.388 | 0.415–1.827 | 0.511–1.364 | 0.408–1.799 | |
| Mother's age at marriage (<18 years vs. ≥18 years) | 1.074 | 1.536* | 0.613 | 2.824 | 1.264 | 1.700** | 1.303 | 1.775** |
| 0.789–1.449 | 0.987–2.390 | 0.221–1.693 | 0.418–19.10 | 0.921–1.735 | 1.071–2.697 | 0.945–1.797 | 1.112–2.833 | |
| Mother's age at birth of the index child (<18 years vs. >18 years) | 1.175 | 0.694 | 2.831 | 0.362 | 1.107 | 0.711 | 1.092 | 0.687 |
| 0.756–1.826 | 0.353–1.363 | 0.745–11.18 | 0.0259–5.063 | 0.693–1.767 | 0.348–1.450 | 0.682–1.749 | 0.335–1.409 | |
| Mother's education (≥ secondary education vs. < secondary education) | 1.193 | 1.227 | 0.785 | 0.0908** | 1.235 | 1.356 | 1.206 | 1.291 |
| 0.923–1.572 | 0.788–1.910 | 0.339–1.894 | 0.0114–0.721 | 0.936–1.628 | 0.854–2.153 | 0.912–1.594 | 0.809–2.060 | |
| Mother's access to print media (no vs. yes) | 0.969 | 1.02 | 0.765 | 1.153 | 1.021 | 1.012 | 1.041 | 1.007 |
| 0.730–1.302 | 0.621–1.676 | 0.302–1.819 | 0.128–10.39 | 0.755–1.380 | 0.604–1.694 | 0.768–1.411 | 0.597–1.698 | |
| Mother's access to electronic media (no vs. yes) | 1.341** | 1.292 | 0.89 | 1.671 | 1.346** | 1.301 | 1.322* | 1.296 |
| 1.010–1.769 | 0.840–1.987 | 0.362–2.098 | 0.302–9.229 | 1.008–1.797 | 0.836–2.023 | 0.989–1.767 | 0.831–2.019 | |
| Mother makes decisions on buying food items (no vs. yes) | 1.02 | 1.980*** | 0.848 | 3.641 | 1.08 | 1.959*** | 1.061 | 1.971*** |
| 0.809–1.299 | 1.313–2.987 | 0.415–1.764 | 0.619–21.40 | 0.845–1.382 | 1.286–2.986 | 0.828–1.358 | 1.290–3.012 | |
| Mother received advice on nutrition at antenatal care (no vs. yes) | 1.135 | 1.32 | 1.502 | 5.48 | 1.081 | 1.29 | 1.072 | 1.318 |
| 0.782–1.635 | 0.784–2.221 | 0.529–4.060 | 0.717–41.86 | 0.734–1.592 | 0.748–2.223 | 0.726–1.581 | 0.763–2.277 | |
| Mother consumes tobacco (no vs. yes) | 0.806 | 1.118 | 0.777 | 0.372 | 0.869 | 1.235 | 0.885 | 1.254 |
| 0.551–1.192 | 0.620–2.017 | 0.247–2.528 | 0.0483–2.869 | 0.582–1.296 | 0.665–2.296 | 0.591–1.323 | 0.671–2.342 | |
| Mother consumed IFA during last pregnancy (<90 tablets vs. >90 tablets) | 1.131 | 1.11 | 0.98 | 1.482 | 1.093 | 1.069 | 1.107 | 1.041 |
| 0.894–1.418 | 0.768–1.605 | 0.485–2.000 | 0.340–6.451 | 0.860–1.389 | 0.730–1.566 | 0.870–1.409 | 0.710–1.528 | |
| Mother delivered in a health facility (no vs. yes) | 1.007 | 0.862 | 1.064 | 2.868 | 1.077 | 0.959 | 1.079 | 0.93 |
| 0.657–1.522 | 0.462–1.609 | 0.303–3.800 | 0.319–25.77 | 0.699–1.661 | 0.506–1.818 | 0.696–1.673 | 0.489–1.770 | |
| Mother's height (<145 cm vs. >145 cm) | 2.035*** | 2.617*** | 1.912 | 6.612* | 1.853*** | 2.368*** | 1.844*** | 2.303*** |
| 1.460–2.809 | 1.660–4.125 | 0.799–4.491 | 0.968–45.17 | 1.313–2.614 | 1.471–3.811 | 1.304–2.609 | 1.425–3.721 | |
| Mother's BMI (<18.5 kg/m2 vs. >18.5 kg/m2) | 1.152 | 1.264 | 0.563 | 0.412 | 1.171 | 1.336 | 1.193 | 1.319 |
| 0.916–1.476 | 0.871–1.835 | 0.244–1.411 | 0.0574–2.958 | 0.917–1.496 | 0.911–1.957 | 0.933–1.526 | 0.898–1.937 | |
| Mother ate milk and/or milk products weekly during pregnancy (no vs. yes) | 0.979 | 1.585** | 1.357 | 1.416 | 0.906 | 1.569** | 0.865 | 1.555** |
| 0.779–1.241 | 1.082–2.323 | 0.668–2.784 | 0.291–6.883 | 0.710–1.157 | 1.050–2.344 | 0.675–1.109 | 1.031–2.345 | |
| Household residence (rural vs. urban) | 0.852 | 0.647 | 0.802 | 0.123 | 0.848 | 0.722 | 0.871 | 0.745 |
| 0.603–1.208 | 0.373–1.123 | 0.271–2.648 | 0.00459–3.302 | 0.594–1.212 | 0.413–1.262 | 0.608–1.247 | 0.423–1.310 | |
| Household belongs to a Scheduled Tribe (yes vs no) | 1.046 | 1.032 | 1.554 | 6.330* | 0.974 | 0.86 | 0.974 | 0.813 |
| 0.781–1.386 | 0.662–1.608 | 0.663–3.554 | 0.993–40.34 | 0.721–1.315 | 0.536–1.378 | 0.718–1.322 | 0.504–1.313 | |
| Household wealth index (poorest vs. richest) | 1.689* | 1.558 | 4.168 | 18.25 | 1.248 | 1.021 | 1.236 | 1.026 |
| 0.957–2.847 | 0.651–3.725 | 0.718–22.93 | 0.307–1086 | 0.710–2.191 | 0.413–2.521 | 0.702–2.176 | 0.413–2.550 | |
| Household wealth index (poorer vs. richest) | 1.686** | 0.918 | 3.283 | 23.29 | 1.48 | 0.774 | 1.496 | 0.764 |
| 1.019–2.659 | 0.410–2.056 | 0.580–16.88 | 0.524–1034 | 0.910–2.408 | 0.339–1.767 | 0.918–2.437 | 0.333–1.755 | |
| Household wealth index (middle vs. richest) | 1.891*** | 1.424 | 3.362* | 4.528 | 1.673** | 1.33 | 1.702** | 1.276 |
| 1.182–2.885 | 0.692–2.932 | 0.811–14.21 | 0.194–105.5 | 1.057–2.647 | 0.635–2.786 | 1.071–2.703 | 0.605–2.688 | |
| Household wealth index (rich vs. richest) | 1.753*** | 0.976 | 3.089* | 1.857 | 1.594** | 0.949 | 1.594** | 0.931 |
| 1.182–2.481 | 0.520–1.832 | 0.854–11.36 | 0.103–33.34 | 1.086–2.340 | 0.495–1.819 | 1.084–2.346 | 0.483–1.794 | |
| Household has access to improved sanitation (no vs. yes) | 1.324** | 1.878*** | 0.768 | 0.435 | 1.351** | 1.995*** | 1.373** | 2.038*** |
| 1.016–1.754 | 1.166–3.024 | 0.326–1.742 | 0.0591–3.199 | 1.018–1.793 | 1.215–3.276 | 1.032–1.827 | 1.236–3.361 | |
| Household is food secure (no vs. yes) | 0.89 | 1.316 | 1.980* | 4.305 | 0.854 | 1.332 | 0.859 | 1.318 |
| 0.696–1.130 | 0.897–1.933 | 0.927–4.261 | 0.719–25.77 | 0.664–1.099 | 0.894–1.983 | 0.666–1.108 | 0.882 –1.970 | |
| Household benefits from ICDS programme (no vs. yes) | 0.804 | 0.683 | 0.793 | 0.537 | 0.813 | 0.691 | 0.822 | 0.705 |
| 0.599–1.099 | 0.422–1.106 | 0.292–2.062 | 0.0531–5.426 | 0.594–1.114 | 0.420–1.135 | 0.599–1.128 | 0.428–1.162 | |
| Child is exclusively breastfed (no vs. yes) | — | — | 1.105 | 0.411 | — | — | — | — |
| — | — | 0.519–2.337 | 0.0728–2.318 | — | — | — | — | |
| Child's diet meets a minimum dietary diversity (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | 0.904 | 0.929 | ||
| — | — | — | — | 0.529–1.547 | 0.354–2.436 | |||
| Child's diet meets a minimum meal frequency (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | 1.627*** | 1.651** | 1.477** | 1.819** |
| — | — | — | — | 1.236–2.140 | 1.061–2.569 | 1.087–2.006 | 1.108–2.987 | |
| Child was fed dairy products (milk, yoghourt, cheese) (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.902 | 0.692* |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.704–1.156 | 0.466–1.027 | |
| Child was fed grains, roots and tubers (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.338** | 0.934 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.008–1.776 | 0.596–1.465 | |
| Child was fed vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.858 | 1.227 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.577–1.276 | 0.671–2.245 | |
| Child was fed other fruits and vegetables (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.768 | 0.764 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.519–1.136 | 0.396–1.474 | |
| Child was eggs (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.073*** | 0.666 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.191–3.606 | 0.198–2.246 | |
| Child was fed flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry. liver/organ meats) (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.75 | 0.862 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.363–1.550 | 0.253–2.934 | |
| Child was fed legumes and/or nuts (no vs. yes) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.106 | 1.284 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.724–1.691 | 0.644–2.559 | |
| Number of observations | 2263 | 2263 | 569 | 569 | 1685 | 1685 | 1684 | 1684 |
AOR, adjusted odds ratios; CI, confidence interval; IFA, iron and folic acid; ICDS, Integrated Child Development Services.
***
P < 0.01,
**
P < 0.05,
*
P < 0.1.