Table 8.
Associations between exposure variables and linear growth measured as HAZ. In‐depth analysis of the 2012 Comprehensive Nutrition Survey in the state of Maharashtra, India
| HAZ (0–23 months old) | HAZ (6–23 months old) | |
|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | Coefficient | |
| Age (12–23 months vs. 0–11 months) | −1.064*** | −0.0891 |
| (−1.188 to −0.940) | (−0.204 to 0.0259) | |
| Sex (boys vs. girls) | −0.154*** | −0.0653 |
| (−0.260 to −0.0474) | (−0.164 to 0.0331) | |
| Birthweight (<2500 vs. ≥ 2500) | −0.624*** | −0.370*** |
| (−0.760 to −0.489) | (−0.495 to −0.245) | |
| Child (12–23 months old) is fully immunized (no vs. yes) | −0.00738 | −0.127** |
| (−0.135 to 0.121) | (−0.246 to −0.00914) | |
| Safe disposal of child's faeces (no vs. yes) | −0.00377 | −0.0305 |
| (−0.128 to 0.121) | (−0.146 to 0.0847) | |
| Mother's age at marriage (<18 years vs. ≥18 years) | 0.101 | −0.0637 |
| (−0.0455 to 0.247) | (−0.199 to 0.0717) | |
| Mother's age at child's birth (<18 years vs. ≥18 years) | 0.0308 | 0.139 |
| (−0.198 to 0.260) | (−0.0726 to 0.350) | |
| Mother's education (<secondary education vs. ≥ secondary education) | −0.0729 | −0.151** |
| (−0.199 to 0.0535) | (−0.267 to −0.0338) | |
| Mother's access to print media (non vs. yes) | 0.0862 | −0.0848 |
| (−0.0465 to 0.219) | (−0.208 to 0.0380) | |
| Mother's access to electronic media (non vs. yes) | −0.172** | 0.0054 |
| (−0.314 to −0.0297) | (−0.126 to 0.137) | |
| Mother's decision‐making about buying new food items (no vs. yes) | −0.118** | −0.114** |
| (−0.231 to −0.00561) | (−0.218 to −0.00950) | |
| Mother received advice on nutrition during antenatal care (no vs. yes) | −0.0677 | −0.106 |
| (−0.254 to 0.118) | (−0.278 to 0.0654) | |
| Mother consumes tobacco (yes vs. no) | −0.222** | −0.0133 |
| (−0.423 to −0.0215) | (−0.199 to 0.172) | |
| Mother consumed IFA during the last pregnancy (<90 tablets vs. >90 tablets) | −0.102* | 0.00711 |
| (−0.212 to 0.00869) | (−0.0948 to 0.109) | |
| Mother delivered in a health facility (no vs. yes) | −0.14 | −0.137 |
| (−0.357 to 0.0769) | (−0.337 to 0.0636) | |
| Mother's height (<145 cm vs. >145 cm) | −0.514*** | 0.0288 |
| (−0.688 to −0.340) | (−0.132 to 0.189) | |
| Mother's BMI (<18.5 kg/m2 vs. >18.5 kg/m2) | −0.0969 | −0.298*** |
| (−0.216 to 0.0219) | (−0.408 to −0.188) | |
| Mother consumed milk and/or milk products weekly during pregnancy (no vs. yes) | −0.0661 | −0.0782 |
| (−0.177 to 0.0450) | (−0.181 to 0.0244) | |
| Household residence (rural vs. urban) | 0.127 | −0.0122 |
| (−0.0438 to 0.298) | (−0.170 to 0.146) | |
| Household belongs to a Scheduled Tribe (yes vs. no) | −0.00784 | −0.00768 |
| (−0.150 to 0.134) | (−0.139 to 0.124) | |
| Household wealth index (poorest vs. richest) | −0.0494 | 0.0391 |
| (−0.306 to 0.207) | (−0.198 to 0.276) | |
| Household wealth index (poorer vs. richest) | −0.0792 | 0.00931 |
| (−0.301 to 0.143) | (−0.196 to 0.215) | |
| Household wealth index (middle vs. richest) | −0.195* | −0.0639 |
| (−0.399 to 0.00863) | (−0.252 to 0.125) | |
| Household wealth index (rich vs. richest) | −0.0421 | 0.0156 |
| (−0.208 to 0.124) | (−0.138 to 0.169) | |
| Household has access to improved water (no vs. yes) | −0.217** | −0.0239 |
| (−0.429 to −0.00518) | (−0.220 to 0.172) | |
| Household has access to improved sanitation (no vs. yes) | −0.168*** | −0.029 |
| (−0.296 to −0.0405) | (−0.147 to 0.0890) | |
| Household is food secure (no vs. yes) | −0.0833 | 0.0696 |
| (−0.201 to 0.0345) | (−0.0394 to 0.179) | |
| Household benefits from ICDS programme (no vs. yes) | 0.239*** | 0.0432 |
| (0.0944 to 0.383) | (−0.0904 to 0.177) | |
| Child (0–23 months) is appropriately breastfed (no vs. yes) | −0.111 | 0.134* |
| (−0.282 to 0.0600) | (−0.0243 to 0.292) | |
| Child's diet meets a minimum meal frequency (no vs. yes) | −0.163 | |
| (−0.532 to 0.207) | ||
| Child's diet meets a minimum dietary diversity (no vs. yes) | −0.000219 | |
| (−0.161 to 0.160) | ||
| Child was fed dairy products (milk, yoghourt and cheese) (no vs. yes) | 0.151** | |
| (0.0185 to 0.283) | ||
| Child was fed grains, roots and tubers (no vs. yes) | −0.0157 | |
| (−0.161 to 0.129) | ||
| Child was fed vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables (no vs. yes) | 0.12 | |
| (−0.0944 to 0.335) | ||
| Child was fed other fruits and vegetables (no vs. yes) | 0.254** | |
| (0.0477 to 0.461) | ||
| Child was fed eggs (no vs. yes) | −0.109 | |
| (−0.438 to 0.220) | ||
| Child was fed flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry and liver/organ meats) (no vs. yes) | 0.104 | |
| (−0.275 to 0.484) | ||
| Child was fed legumes and/or nuts (no vs. yes) | 0.199 | |
| (−0.0471 to 0.446) | ||
| Number of observations | 2263 | 1685 |
HAS, height‐for‐age z‐score; BMI, body mass index; IFA, iron and folic acid.
***
P < 0.01,
**
P < 0.05,
*
P < 0.1.