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Three major classes of cellular HBOCs are polymerized, cross-linked, and conjugated Hbs. Spontaneous separation of Hb chains is prevented by various modifications. For example, in the cross-linked type, Hb chains are bound by intermolecular covalent bonds, in the polymerized type, they are bound by intermolecular covalent bond, and in the conjugated type, a polymer is bound to the surface of Hb.
