Table 2.
Summary of cellular Hb-based oxygen carriers.
| PRODUCT | BIOGENESIS | ACTION | PROPERTIES |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neo red cell | Hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | High oxygen transport efficiency, has a strong capsule membrane, readily circulates due to its low viscosity (48) |
| Hemoglobin vesicle (HbV) | Carbonyl human hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | Transient decrease in phagocytic activity one day after infusion (49), cause splenomegaly (49), higher encapsulation efficiency (50). The advantages of HbV over the conventional Hb vesicles are also the surface modification of HbV with poly(ethylene glycol) that allows better hemodynamics, reduced complement activation and longer circulation time and a moderate rate of entrapment and metabolism (49) |
| Liposome encapsulated actin-hemoglobin (LEAcHb) | Bovin hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | High circulation half-life, disk like shape (35) |
| Hemoglobin-loaded polymeric nanocapsule (PNP) | Hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | Rapid clearance by phagocytosis in blood stream, high encapsulation efficiency, biocompatible in a large concentration range (51) |
| Cationizad HbPNP | Bovin hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | High half-life in circulation in comparison to PNP due to low uptake by macrophages, no significant aggregation and sedimentation even after 5 days, biocompatibility and biofunctionality, high encapsulation efficiency, controlled particle size, biocompatible in a large concentration range, lack of cytotoxicity (51) |
| Fe(ll) porphyrin loaded dendrimer | Porphyrin | Carrier of oxygen, efficient oxidation catalyst | The shape and size of this product is similar to RBCs, production of this product is time consuming and costly (53) |
| Nanocapsule bearing a membrane made of ultrathin PEG-PLA, containing polymerized Hb and all RBC enzymes | Hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen, all other action of RBC | Containg all RBC enzymes specially reductase (56), high half-life due to reduced phagocytosis (57) |
| Nanoscale hydrogel particles (NHP) | Bovine hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | Releases hemoglobin to blood stream, good oxygen uptake and release characteristics (58) |
| Lipogel | Bovine hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen | High hemoglobin loading capacity, low recognition by immune cells, good oxygen uptake and release (58) |
| Polymersome-encapsulated hemoglobin (PEH) | Human and bovine hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen, drug delivery in cancer (polymersome encapsulated drug) | High Hb loading capacity even higher than lipogel and NHP (59), can be prepared in large quantities, affinity to oxygen, comparable to human RBC, size distribution, Hb encapsulation efficiency, oxygen affinity (P50), cooperativity coefficient, and methemoglobin (metHb) level of these novel PEH dispersions were consistent with values required for efficient oxygen delivery in the systemic circulation (60) |
| Single protein nanocapsule (SNP) | Human hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen, use of polymer for drug delivery | Mechanical, heat and PH resistant, polymer layer can essentially stabilize different type of proteins, the quaternary hemoglobin structure does not change during preparation of SNP (61) |
| Hemoglobin conjugated biodegradable polymer micelles | Bovin hemoglobin | Carrier of oxygen |