Table 3.
Cox proportional hazard models for mortality by cause of death, INI Cohort, 2000–2011.
| AIDS-related death* (n=64) | non-AIDS related death*(n=31) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%CI) | aHR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | aHR (95%CI) | |
| Sex-risk category | ||||
| Women | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Heterosexual men | 3·52 (1·30, 9·08) | 1·99 (0·75, 5·25) | 1·17 (0·36, 3·83) | 0·87 (0·26, 2·92) |
| MSM | 2·30 (0·89, 5·94) | 2·24 (0·82, 6·11) | 0·61 (0·17, 2·15) | 0·52 (0·14, 1·94) |
| Age (per year) | 1·03 (1·00, 1·06) | 1·04 (1·01, 1·08) | 0·97 (0·92, 1·03) | 0·97 (0·92, 1·03) |
| Race | ||||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-white | 1·53 (0·79, 2·95) | 1·17 (0·42, 3·24) | ||
| Education | ||||
| Up to 9 years | 2·16 (1·09, 4·27) | 3·35 (1·07, 10·53) | ||
| More than 9 years | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| AIDS diagnosis a | 2·75 (1·43, 5·30) | 1·59 (0·57, 4·49) | ||
| CD4+ T lymphocyte (per 100 cells/mm3) b | 0·40 (0·30, 0·52) | 0·51 (0·38, 0·66) | 0·69 (0·52, 0·91) | 0·75 (0·58, 0·96) |
| Last HIV RNA (copies/mL) c | ||||
| < 400 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| >= 400 | 10·1 (5·02, 20·2) | 6·30 (2·88, 13·7) | 7·41 (2·63, 20·89) | 4·64 (1·48, 14·5) |
| Hepatitis B d | NA | |||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0·98 (0·24, 4·09) | |||
| Hepatitis C d | NA | |||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0·72 (0·17, 2·98) | |||
| ART use e | 0·26 (0·12, 0·57) | 0·11 (0·05, 0·28) | 0·24 (0·08, 0·79) | 0·08 (0·02, 0·35) |
| AIDS infection during follow-up f | 10·9 (5·33, 22·3) | 7·44 (3·23, 17·1) | 12·6 (4·00, 39·8) | 6·87 (1·85, 25·5) |
| AIDS malignancy during follow-up f | 10·1 (3·55, 28·5) | 3·77 (1·14, 12·5) | NA | |
| Hospitalization during follow-up g | 11·7 (5·51, 24·9) | 2·85 (1·19, 6·81) | 15·5 (4·36, 54·9) | 8·92 (2·01, 39·7) |
Age, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, AIDS infection/malignancy and hospitalizations were included in the model as time-updated variables. Bold implies statistically significant results assuming the significance threshold of 5%.
As per CoDe classification.
AIDS-defining disease (CDC 1993 definition) prior to or at enrollment.
Time-updated CD4 counts were determined from cohort entry for every six months thereafter, when there was no CD4 count available, the value was linearly interpolated from the two adjacent values.
Defined as the last result within the last year a patient’s follow-up; 5% of patients had missing values which were randomly imputed following the distribution of un/detectable viral load for the entire sample.
Hepatitis B infection was defined by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C infection was defined by the presence of hepatitis C antibodies at any time during follow-up.
ART use was defined as the use of at least three antiretroviral drugs (two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and either a protease inhibitor and/or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and/or an integrase inhibitor) for a minimum period of 90 days.
Diagnosis of an AIDS-defining infection or AIDS-defining malignancy during follow-up were captured from the patient’s medical chart. To avoid bias (by controlling for a covariate that could be the cause of death) AIDS defining infections and malignancies were considered only if they happened at least 30 days prior to end of follow-up.
Hospital admission was defined as any hospitalization during follow-up. Hospitalizations that ended in death were excluded from the count.
Abbreviations used:
ART: antiretroviral therapy
AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HR: hazard ratio
aHR: adjusted hazard ratio
CI: Confidence interval
NA: not applicable