Table 3. Association between tertiles of polyphenol intake (total and main classes) and hypertension.
ISA-Capital study. Sao Paulo.
| Tertile of polyphenol intake by classes, OR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (Lowest) | T2 (Middle) | T3 (Highest) | P-trend a | |
| Total polyphenols (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 167 | 179 | 204 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 85 (39.0) | 77 (23.5) | 105 (37.5) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 190.83 (122.35, 233.01) | 360.58 (329.55, 402.15) | 566.87 (478.58, 659.72) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.42 (0.21, 0.84) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.53) | 0.470 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.38 (0.19, 0.76) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.40) | 0.322 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.36 (0.19, 0.69) | 0.63 (0.30, 1.31) | 0.266 |
| Phenolic acids (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 162 | 193 | 195 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 96 (34.9) | 73 (28.2) | 98 (36.9) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 98.81 (48.07, 167.99) | 301.97 (230.39, 344.96) | 458.21 (396.59, 632.71) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.57 (0.27, 1.20) | 0.75 (0.36, 1.54) | 0.457 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.47 (0.20, 1.08) | 0.65 (0.31, 1.37) | 0.284 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.41 (0.18, 0.94) | 0.59 (0.28, 1.29) | 0.226 |
| Flavonoids (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 178 | 196 | 176 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 85 (28.3) | 100 (39.8) | 82 (31.9) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 31.11 (19.03, 58.06) | 34.55 (15.40, 64.78) | 41.50 (19.04, 75.07) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.45, 1.63) | 0.90 (0.52, 1.55) | 0.702 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.52, 1.80) | 1.01 (0.53, 1.81) | 0.943 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.46, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.51, 1.84) | 0.933 |
| Tyrosols (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 195 | 200 | 155 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 107 (42.8) | 103 (37.2) | 57 (20.0) | |
| Dietary Intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 1.80 (0.93, 3.22) | 1.85 (0.97, 2.88) | 1.93 (0.98, 3.72) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.28) | 0.35 (0.20, 0.61) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.52, 1.51) | 0.38 (0.21, 0.70) | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.48, 1.59) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.64) | 0.001 |
| Alkylphenols (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 193 | 190 | 167 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 102 (41.3) | 95 (33.6) | 70 (25.1) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 0.91 (0.41, 1.44) | 0.96 (0.49, 1.65) | 1.00 (0.50, 1.91) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.44, 1.29) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.76) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.41, 1.43) | 0.46 (0.27, 0.77) | 0.005 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.39, 1.29) | 0.45 (0.23, 0.87) | 0.017 |
| Lignans (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 190 | 199 | 161 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 99 (42.6) | 100 (32.6) | 68 (24.8) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 0.09 (0.08, 0.14) | 0.10 (0.08, 0.16) | 0.11 (0.08, 0.17) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.35, 1.06) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.03) | 0.063 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.37, 1.21) | 0.45 (0.25, 0.83) | 0.011 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.33, 1.22) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.98) | 0.048 |
| Stilbenes (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 203 | 169 | 178 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 111 (41.8) | 81 (29.9) | 75 (28.3) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.39, 1.07) | 0.55 (0.35, 0.86) | 0.009 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.43, 1.21) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.093 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.35, 1.15) | 0.60 (0.36, 0.98) | 0.043 |
| Others (mg/d) | ||||
| No. of persons, n | 195 | 194 | 161 | |
| No. of hypertension cases, n (%) | 108 (41.0) | 95 (35.7) | 64 (23.3) | |
| Dietary intake (mg/d), median (IQR) | 0.72 (0.37, 1.09) | 1.69 (1.43, 1.93) | 2.76 (2.22, 3.49) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.43, 1.64) | 0.44 (0.25, 0.75) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.47, 1.68) | 0.46 (0.26, 0.81) | 0.009 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.41, 1.58) | 0.33 (0.14, 0.74) | 0.010 |
Abbreviation: IQR: Interquartile Range, OR: odds ratio. OR and 95% CI were calculated by using multivariate logistic regression. Model 1: Age and sex adjusted. Model 2: Additionally adjusted for race, educational level, body mass index, smoking and physical activity. Model 3: Additionally adjusted for intake of sodium, fiber, saturated fat, alcohol, total energy intake, misreporting, and other polyphenol components. The sample weight was considered for statistical analysis. For this reason, the values of proportion of hypertension cases aren′t compatible with the frequency of the same.
a p-value for trend <0.05 was considered statistically significant.