Table 1.

The effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on various cells lines by various concentration, doses, and sizes.

Serial Number	Exposure Doses of AgNPs	Exposure Time	Size (nm)	Type of Cell Lines Used	Major Outcomes	Reference
1	0.01 µg Ag/mL	24 h	20, 50, 75	Human pulmonary epithelial cell line 16HBE14	Dose and process of uptake	[137]
2	c0/4 and higher, 2.25 × 109–1.35 × 1010 Wrs/mL, 9 × 1015–1.01 × 1016 nm²/mL, 3.68–3.83 mg/mL	24 h	30, 60–100	Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549)	Spherical particles had no effect than silver wires	[38]
3	30 and 278 ng/cm2	4 and 24 h	20	Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549)	Cells were only sensitive to high Ag-ion concentrations	[138]
4	20 and 100 µg/mL	48 h	10, 20, 75 and 110	T84 cells (ATCC CCL-248™), a human colorectal carcinoma cell line	Small AgNPs have significant effects on intestinal permeability	[139]
5	50 mg/L	24 h	61.2 ± 33.9	Porcine kidney (Pk15) cells	AgNPs had only insignificant toxicity at concentrations lower than 25 mg/L, whereas Ag+ exhibited a significant decrease in cell viability at higher concentration	[140]
6	2–6 μM	1–3 weeks	20–60	Human HCE-T corneal epithelial cells	Mammalian cell toxicity was observed at high (8–12 μM silver ion) silver levels in serum-free culture	[141]
7	2–6 μM	1–3 weeks	20–60	RAW264.7 macrophages	Low cell pro-inflammatory cytokine activation was observed	[141]
8	0.31 to 10 g/mL	48 h	10	Human tongue squamous carcinoma SCC-25	Reduced proliferation and viability	[142]
9	20 μg/mL	24 h	70	Alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells	Adverse effects were also only found at high silver concentrations	[143]
10	1.0 and 2.5 μg/mL	72 h	35	Human microvascular endothelial cells	Loss of membrane integrity at higher concentrations	[72]
11	500 nM	24 h	50	Bovine retinal endothelial cells	Enhanced apoptosis	[64]
12	500 nM	24 h	50	Dalton’s lymphoma ascites	Anti-tumor activity	[144]
13	2.0 and 4.0 mg/L	24 h	10 and 100	HepG2 cells	Non-cytotoxic doses induced p38 MAPK pathway activation and led to the promotion of HepG2 cell proliferation	[47]
14	7.74 mg/L	24–72 h	65–69	HaCaT cells,	HaCaT cells were found to be resistant	[145]
15	1.16 mg/L	24–72 h	65–69	HeLa cells	HeLa cells were found to be more sensitive	[145]
16	1–20 μg/mL	24 h	23	Embryonic neural stem cells	Ag-NPs-induced neurotoxicity	[104]
17	10–20 μg/mL	24 h	20 and 40	Primary mixed neural cell cultures	Strong effects of SNP associated with calcium dysregulation and ROS formation in primary neural cells	[24]
18	5–12.50 μg/mL	24 h	3–5	Mouse brain neural cells	AgNPs could alter gene and protein expressions of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition	[146]
19	800 particles/cell	48 h	20 and 80	Human embryonic neural precursor Cell	AgNPs exposure cause a significant stress response in the growing Human neural progenitor cells (hNPC)	[147]
20	5 μg/mL	48 h	<100	HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells	AgNPs modulated HT22 cell cycle , proliferation, induced oxidative stress and 53BP1 recruitment	[148]