Table 2.
Target arthropods and gene pyramiding or engineered approaches using PhyCys.
| Target Pest | Cystatin + Proteins | Transgenic Plant | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Order | Species | |||
| Coleoptera | Leptinotarsa decemlineata | OCI + OCII | Potato | [86,87] |
| OC-I∆D86 + CpTI | Arabidopsis | [62] | ||
| Plagiodera versicolora | OC-I + CRY3A | Poplar | [103] | |
| Lepidoptera | Helicoverpa armigera | CeCPI + Sporamin | Tobacco | [104] |
| Spodoptera exigua | CeCPI + Sporamin + chitinase | Tobacco | [93] | |
| Spodoptera littura | CeCPI + Sporamin + chitinase | Tobacco | [93] | |
| Thysanoptera | Frankiniella occidentalis | Engineered PCM + domains | Potato | [95] |
| Acarina | Tetranychus urticae | HvCPI-6 + CMe | Arabidopsis | [70] |
Cystatins: Barley (HvCPI-6), Rice (OC-I, OC-IΔD86, OC-II), Taro (CeCPI), Potato (PCM). Trypsin Protease Inhibitors: Cowpea (CpTI), Barley (CMe). Bt-Toxin (CRY3A).