Appendix A.1.

Set of antonym stimuli used in the experiments. Target words (identical previews) are presented in boldface (not in boldface in the experiments). Columns to the right represent the antonym, plausible unrelated, and implausible unrelated previews. Items with asterisks were excluded from Experiment 2.

Item	Sentence	Antonym	Plausible Unrelated	Implausible Unrelated
1	Jane will travel south on her trip to Los Angeles next week.	north	coach	house
2	Every year, the family flies north on their way to a fabulous vacation.	south	coach	house
3	His friend advised him to graciously accept the generous bribe.	refuse	report	device
4	Jane would never refuse a bonus from her boss.	accept	report	device
5	The ghost suddenly appeared in the upper window of the house.	vanished	screamed	nominate
6	The young girl vanished from around the corner suddenly.	appeared	screamed	nominate
7	Jenny prefers to purchase large bottles of lotion.	small	fancy	whale
8	My aunt liked the very small earrings in the display.	large	fancy	whale
9	George wore a new black suit to the party.	white	shiny	years
10	Deb test drove a fancy white car yesterday with her friend.	black	shiny	years
11	The new student answered the question boldly when no one else raised their hand.	meekly	easily	killer
12	Karen jumped over the stream meekly before everyone else.	boldly	easily	killer
13	The children came up with a very clever way to fix the sink.	stupid	clumsy	roamer
14	My nephew is very stupid when doing housework.	clever	clumsy	roamer
15	Somehow, the food stayed cool after the long trip.	warm	soft	nose
16	David likes to eat extremely warm potato salad.	cool	soft	nose
17	The teacher always seemed too kind to his students.	mean	dull	luck
18	Jen's classmate is always mean when they go on trips.	kind	dull	luck
19	Sam's train arrived just before dusk and we were able to give her a ride home.	dawn	ours	year
20	Mindy's dog always wakes up after dawn and we are always waiting for them.	dusk	ours	year
21	The final seemed extremely easy after the last midterm.	hard	long	pens
22	The hike up the mountain was hard but very fun.	easy	long	pens
23	Kevin's brother ate all their fresh bread in the apartment.	stale	baked	place
24	The supermarket stopped selling stale pastries on the weekends.	fresh	baked	place
25	Everyone looks like a skinny giant standing next to Henry.	dwarf	model	peels
26	Yesterday I saw a famous dwarf at the beach.	giant	model	peels
27	The box gradually became heavier the longer he carried it.	lighter	dirtier	checker
28	Betty wondered if she looked lighter when she spent more time at the gym.	heavier	dirtier	checker
29	At the restaurant, the girl wanted less dressing in her salad.	more	tart	bats
30	John should have baked more apples into the pie.	less	tart	bats
31	Ron's pants are still loose even after tailoring.	tight	short	poles
32	The professor's coat is too tight for him.	loose	short	poles
33	The dogs are always noisy when people visit the house.	quiet	eager	ocean
34	The children are very quiet during storytime.	noisy	eager	ocean
35	The train has to run under the bridge before reaching the town.	above	along	bland
36	Visitors have to drive above the cliff to get to Sarah's house.	under	along	bland
37	Dana didn't realize his tattoo was permanent until almost four months later.	temporary	offensive	schoolbag
38	Everyone wanted Jeff to quit his temporary job as soon as possible.	permanent	offensive	schoolbag
39	Nobody could agree if the jewel was real or if it wasn't.	fake	pink	bars
40	Zoe insisted her hair color wasn't fake but no one believed her.	real	pink	bars
41	Everyone knew the girl was very rich because of the neighborhood she lived in.	poor	lazy	mall
42	Her previous roommate was extremely poor and had no friends.	rich	lazy	mall
43	Kristy realized that she guessed the answer right on yesterday's exam.	wrong	badly	flute
44	Olga set up the equipment wrong the first time.	right	badly	flute
45	All the vegetables have to be kept separate on the boy's plate or he will be upset.	together	lukewarm	discover
46	Employees are told to store the chemicals together or there will be an explosion.	separate	lukewarm	discover
47	There were so many serious stories in the news today.	trivial	strange	already
48	The accident was considered trivial by most of the bystanders.	serious	strange	already
49	The new event was such a great success that people were talking about it for weeks.	failure	scandal	kittens
50	The TV show became a famous failure after the actress joined the cast.	success	scandal	kittens
51	The man claimed that the dogs became tame after they were given to him.	wild	loud	ball
52	The circus had many wild lions in the show.	tame	loud	ball
53	Jessica always drives too fast on the highway.	slow	long	yelp
54	The boat trip was so extremely slow that I couldn't enjoy it.	fast	long	yelp
55	The grandmother can only sleep on soft mattresses or she complains of backaches.	hard	many	jump
56	Jason likes to eat hard candies while doing homework.	soft	many	jump
57	The special fruits were recently exported from the neighboring country.	imported	snatched	believer
58	The people suddenly imported all the goods they could before the embargo.	exported	snatched	believer
59	Joshua is always drunk outside of school.	sober	angry	gauge
60	Henry didn't allow anyone to be visibly sober at his party last week.	drunk	angry	gauge
61	There was a woman walking three tiny dogs at the park today.	huge	gray	what
62	Dale's favorite horse at the stable was huge and lively.	tiny	gray	what
63	Ian put the containers above the cabinet with the dishes.	below	aside	hairy
64	Alex was surprised her glasses were below the dresser in her brother's room.	above	aside	hairy
65	My aunt likes to occasionally give apples to her neighbors' children.	take	show	cape
66	The student will reluctantly take his research paper to the professor.	give	show	cape
67*	Adam's younger brothers hate eating junk food when depressed.	love	stop	deep
68*	The high school students always love running when they are tired.	hate	stop	deep
69	The tools Robert has are more inferior compared to the ones we have.	superior	delicate	absently
70	The bakery's pastries are truly superior compared to the other place's.	inferior	delicate	absently
71	Bob was forced to repaint the building's exterior three times before getting it right.	interior	insignia	bathrobe
72	We noticed that the company's interior was very fancy.	exterior	insignia	bathrobe
73	The number of cookies in the jar seems decreased from the last time I looked.	increased	unchanged	afterglow
74	The amount of classwork has become increased after the first few weeks.	decreased	unchanged	afterglow
75	Every week I always find my keys behind the couch.	lose	toss	blue
76	Darren managed to somehow lose the wedding ring down the storm drain.	find	toss	blue
77	The family left the garage door closed when they went on vacation.	opened	broken	banana
78	The storefront was unexpectedly opened over the weekend.	closed	broken	banana
79	Her plane will arrive later in the afternoon than expected.	depart	refuel	turtle
80	Gary didn't expect to have to suddenly depart but he pulled it off without a hitch.	arrive	refuel	turtle
81	The team expected a huge victory after seeing the competition.	failure	quarrel	polygon
82	We watched an interesting failure on TV last night.	victory	quarrel	polygon
83	Ted thinks the singer's loud voice doesn't fit this song.	soft	cute	leap
84	Jeffrey didn't like the really soft music playing at the party.	loud	cute	leap
85	Amanda likes her soup salty and her desserts sweet.	bland	clear	shine
86	This restaurant's broth is too bland and spicy for my taste.	salty	clear	shine
87	Melissa found a very sharp knife in her mother's closet.	blunt	shiny	chair
88	The swords in the museum were blunt and covered with jewels.	sharp	shiny	chair
89	My roommate's furniture is very fancy compared to mine.	plain	dirty	drink
90	Anne didn't feel comfortable in the plain restaurant and wanted to leave.	fancy	dirty	drink
91	The company requires workers to slowly raise the crane to prevent accidents.	lower	drive	table
92	Jacob was told to promptly lower the plow but he forgot.	raise	drive	table
93	Even five men could not easily pull the boulder off the road.	push	drop	blue
94	The directions state that you should push the lever when the red light is on.	pull	drop	blue
95	The chemical laboratory's danger area is marked by a large sign.	safety	office	easily
96	Steve's mother is concerned about safety issues and won't stop talking about them.	danger	office	easily
97	The class noticed the repeated angel motifs in the paintings.	devil	daisy	crawl
98	Jenna decided to dress in a sexy devil costume and won the prize.	angel	daisy	crawl
99	Amy's little brother never argues with his parents.	agrees	drives	dancer
100	The couple always agrees with each other and has a reputation.	argues	drives	dancer
101	The kids always ignore when their shoes are untied.	notice	scream	laptop
102	By all accounts, the janitor shouldn't notice that the toilet was overflowing.	ignore	scream	laptop
103	The court officials cannot enter before the emperor allows them to.	leave	drink	tiger
104	The restaurant patrons are urged to kindly leave by the side door.	enter	drink	tiger
105	The artist loved to paint rural landscapes as well as portraits.	urban	green	stare
106	The newlyweds decided to move somewhere urban for a change.	rural	green	stare
107	Everyone driving by stops to see the damage done on the bridge.	repair	dances	stifle
108	The PTA was eager to talk about the expensive repair happening at the school.	damage	dances	stifle
109	Lucy thinks her parents will forbid her going to the dance.	permit	escort	jagged
110	David would never permit a girl going out on the town.	forbid	escort	jagged
111	The kids were excited to leave for their summer vacation and could barely sleep.	winter	school	change
112	The children played all day during winter inside but there was no choice.	summer	school	change