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The Y-axis and X-axis values of each dot correspond to the incremental cost and incremental effectiveness (THA vs nonsurgery) for a sampling of 1000 average American patients (mean age, 66 years; sex, 42% women). The dispersion illustrates the effect of uncertainty of the indirect cost parameters, which follow logistic and lognormal distribution for male and female patients respectively. QALYs = quality adjusted life years
