Fig. 5.

Detection of cell apoptosis. a, b The rate of apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after annexin V-APC/PI staining. The lower left quadrants contain the viable cells (AV−/PI−), the lower right quadrants contain the early apoptotic cells (AV+/PI−), the upper right quadrants contain the late apoptotic cells (AV+/PI+), and the upper left quadrants contain the necrotic cells (AV−/PI+). c The morphology of MC nuclei was visualized by fluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining. Untreated MCs remained morphologically normal. Typical apoptotic changes such as nuclear condensation (white arrows) and nuclear fragmentation (red arrows) were observed in the GO group and in the GO + mock group. **P < 0.01 vs. the control group, ##P < 0.01 vs. the GO group. Data are expressed as the mean + SEM (n = 3). Scale bar = 50 μm