Table 1.
Patient characteristics of each utilization phenotypes (inactive through group D) in the training set (N=24,324).
| Characteristics | Utilization phenotype | ||||
| Inactive | A | B | C | D | |
| Size of group (n) | 3986 | 5343 | 6991 | 3000 | 2452 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 41.9 (17.3) | 47.7 (14.7) | 53.7 (16.8) | 56.6 (16.4) | 59.9 (17.3) |
| Male, n (%) | 1551 (38.9) | 2057 (38.5) | 2678 (38.3) | 1083 (36.1) | 922 (37.6) |
| White, n (%) | 1814 (45.5) | 2875 (53.8) | 3293 (47.1) | 1635 (54.5) | 1324 (54) |
| Asian, n (%) | 694 (17.4) | 1095 (20.5) | 1734 (24.8) | 675 (22.5) | 596 (24.3) |
| Black, n (%) | 379 (9.5) | 289 (5.4) | 587 (8.4) | 222 (7.4) | 184 (7.5) |
| Commercial, n (%) | 2738 (68.7) | 4266 (79.9) | 4348 (62.2) | 1731 (57.7) | 1113 (45.4) |
| Medicare or Medicaid, n (%) | 1068 (26.8) | 992 (18.6) | 2545 (36.4) | 1245 (41.5) | 1324 (54.0) |
| Other payer, n (%) | 180 (4.5) | 85 (2) | 98 (1) | 24 (1) | 15 (1) |
| Active medications at PCPa visit, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 2.3 (2.9) | 5 (3.6) | 5.5 (4.3) | 8.1 (6) |
| Primary care visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.7 (0.5) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.9 (2.3) |
| Weighted primary care visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.7 (0.6) | 3.2 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.9) | 4.3 (3.7) |
| No-show visits, mean (SD) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.5 (1) | 0.6 (1.2) | 1.4 (2.1) |
| Urgent care visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) |
| Telephone encounters, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.4 (0.7) | 1.7 (1.8) | 1.4 (1.6) | 2.3 (2.5) |
| Emergency department visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.7) |
| Emergent hospitalizations, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.2) | 0 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.5) |
| Elective hospitalizations, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) |
| Specialist visits (capped), mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1) | 5.5 (1.4) | 14 (5.3) |
| Infusion visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.5) | 0 (0.4) | 0.1 (1) | 0.7 (4.1) |
| Transfusion visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.8) | 0 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.8) | 0.4 (2.6) |
| Radiology or procedure visits, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.6 (1) | 1.2 (1.4) | 2.2 (2.6) |
| Secure electronic messages to patient, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.7 (1.4) | 2.3 (4.3) | 4 (6.4) | 6.8 (11.1) |
| Secure electronic messages from patient, mean (SD) | 0 (0) | 0.9 (1.8) | 2.8 (5.3) | 5 (8.2) | 8.9 (15) |
aPCP: primary care physician.