Table 2.

Randomized evidence comparing chemoradiation and surgery.

Study	Groups	Chemotherapy	RT	Follow-up	Mortality	LC	Hospital Stay	Median OS
Chiu et al. [17]	CRT (n = 36) vs. S (n = 44)	5FU, cisplatin	50-60 Gy	1.5 years	Operative: 7%	44% vs. 41% (p = 0.77)	41 days vs. 27 days (p = 0.02)	21 months vs. 24 months (p = 0.34)
Stahl et al. [18]	IC + CRT (n = 86) vs. IC + CRT + S (n = 86)	IC: 5FU, VP16, cisplatin CRT: cisplatin, VP16	65 + Gy (no S), 40 Gy (with S)	6 years	Postoperative: 4% vs. 13% (p = 0.03)	43% vs. 62% (p < 0.05)	-	15 months vs. 16 months (p > 0.05)
Bedenne et al. [19]	CRT (n = 130) vs. CRT + S (n = 129)	5FU, cisplatin	46 Gy continuous or 15 + 15 Gy split-course	4 years	3 months: 1% vs. 9% (p = 0.002)	57% vs. 66% (p < 0.05)	52 days vs. 68 days (p = 0.02)	19 months vs. 18 months (p = 0.49)

RT, radiation therapy; LC, local control; OS, overall survival; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; S, surgery; 5FU, 5-fluorouracil; Gy, Gray; IC, induction chemotherapy; VP16, etoposide.