Table 1.
Discovery of human polyomaviruses and associated diseases.
| Human Polyomavirus | Abbreviation | Year of Discovery | NCBI RefSeq or GenBank Accession | Source of Isolation | Seroprevalence (%) * | Associated Disease | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BK polyomavirus | BKPyV | 1971 | NC_001538 | Urine | 80–90 (a) | Nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis | [2] |
| JC polyomavirus | JCPyV | 1971 | NC_001699 | Brain | 40–55 (b) | Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | [3] |
| Karolinska Institute polyomavirus | KIPyV | 2007 | NC_009238 | Respiratory tract | 55–90 | Not known | [4] |
| Washington University polyomavirus | WUPyV | 2007 | NC_009539 | Respiratory tract | 70–90 | Not known | [5] |
| Merkel cell polyomavirus | MCPyV | 2008 | NC_010277 | Skin tumor | 60–80 | Merkel cell carcinoma | [6] |
| Human polyomavirus 6 | HPyV6 | 2010 | NC_014406 | Normal skin | 70–75 | Not known | [7] |
| Human polyomavirus 7 | HPyV7 | 2010 | NC_014407 | Normal skin | 35–62 | Pruritic rash | [7] |
| Trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus | TSPyV | 2010 | NC_014361 | Skin lesion | 70–84 | Trichodysplasia spinulosa | [8] |
| Human polyomavirus 9 | HPyV9 | 2011 | NC_015150 | Blood and urine | 18–50 | Not known | [9] |
| Malawi polyomavirus | MWPyV | 2012 | NC_018102 | Stool | 42–75 | Not known | [10] |
| Human polyomavirus 10 | HPyV10 | 2012 | JX262162 | Condyloma | 99 | Not known | [11] |
| Mexico polyomavirus | MXPyV | 2012 | JX259273 | Stool | Not known | Not known | [12] |
| St Louis polyomavirus | STLPyV | 2012 | NC_020106 | Stool | 70 | Not known | [13] |
| Human polyomavirus 12 | HPyV12 | 2013 | NC_020890 | Liver | 23 | Not known | [14] |
| New Jersey polyomavirus | NJPyV | 2013 | NC_024118 | Muscle biopsy | Not known | Not known | [15] |
* References: [14,16,17,18,19,20,21] (a) Following analysis based on the entire genome or sequence of the major viral capsid protein VP1, BKPyV strains have been classified into four different genotypes (I–IV), corresponding to four serologically-different subtypes. Genotype I is the most prevalent worldwide, while Genotype IV is found solely in East Asia and Europe. In contrast, Genotypes II and III are rarely detected in the human population [22]. (b) Only one serotype has to date been reported for JCPyV, despite the existence of seven genotypes, numbered 1–8, with Type 5 reclassified as a member of Type 3, and numerous subtypes [23]. European populations typically harbor Types 1 and 4, although Type 2 subtypes have also been described [24,25]. African populations are often associated with Types 3 and 6, with the former also found in Middle-Eastern populations [26], while numerous subtypes from Types 2 (2A, 2B, 2D and 2E) and 7–8 (7C, 8A and 8B) are found in Asia and Oceania [27,28]. Coevolution of JCPyV with human populations is thought to have given rise to the different genotypes and could account for their association with specific ethnic groups [29].