Table 1.
Summary of genetically engineered MV.
| Virus Strain | Genetic Modification | Tumour Type | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unmodified attenuated vaccine strain | MV-Edm | Unmodified | Leukemias/lymphomas [69,83,84], multiple myeloma [85], ovarian cancers [86], breast cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma |
| Retargeted virus | MV-CD20 | Retargeted to CD20 | Leukemias, fibrosarcoma [43] |
| MV-CD38 | Retargeted to CD38 | MM, Erythroleukemia, Burkitt’s lymphoma, ovarian cancer, GBM [50] | |
| MV-HER2/neu | Retargeted to her2/neu | Ovarian cancer, medulloblastoma [87] | |
| MV0EGFRvIII | Retargeted to EGFR | Erythroleukemia, Burkitt’s lymphoma, ovarian cancer, GBM [66] | |
| MV-PSMA | Retargeted to PSMA | Prostate cancer [88] | |
| MV-CD133 | Retargeted to CD133 | Hepatocellular carcinoma, colon, glioma [89] | |
| MV-aVb3-integrin targeted | Retargeted to aVb3-integrin | Multiple myeloma [47] | |
| MV-MMP | MMP-activated virus | Hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, cholangio carcinoma [54,55] | |
| MV-miRNA-sensitive | Retargeted to miRNA sequences | GBM [56] | |
| MV-DARPins | Retargeted to EGFR, Her2/neu and EpCAM | Adenocarcinoma, breast ductal carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, ovarian carcinoma, glioblastoma [90] | |
| Reporter genes | MV-CEA | CEA reporter gene | Ovarian cancer [91,92], GBM [93,94], breast cancer [95], hepatocellular carcinoma [96], prostate cancer [97], rhabdomyosarcoma [79] |
| MV-NIS | NIS reporter gene | Ovarian cancer [91], MM [98], GBM [99], hepatocellular carcinoma [96], pancreatic cancer [100], prostate [97], head oral squamous cell carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, hypopharyngeal carcinoma [101], colorectal cancer [102], endometrial cancer [103], T cell lymphoma [104] | |
| MV-LacZ | Beta-galactosidase reporter gene | Lymphoma [105] | |
| MV-lambda | Human light immunoglobulin chain reporter gene | MM [106] | |
| Suicide genes | MV-PNP | Prodrug convertase | Leukemia/lymphoma [107], colorectal cancer [70], pancreatic cancer [108] |
| MV-SCD/FCU1 | Prodrug convertase | Ovarian cancer [71], melanoma [72], cholangiocarcinoma [73], hepatocellular carcinoma [74], colorectal carcinoma [109] | |
| Immuno-stimulating genes | MV-GMCSF | GM-CSF gene | ALL cells, Burkitt’s lymphoma [39,75] |
| MV-NAP | Neutrophil activating protein gene | Breast cancer [77] | |
| MV-alphaCTLA4 | Retargeted to CTLA-4 antibody | Malignant melanoma [82] | |
| MV-alphaPDL-1 | Retargeted to PDL-1 antibody | Malignant melanoma [82] | |
| MV-Hblind-IL13 | Retargeted to IL13 | GBM [78] | |
| MV-IFN | IFN immunomodulatory gene | Mesothelioma [76] |
GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; MM: multiple myeloma; CD: cluster of differentiation; HER2/neu: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; PSMA: prostate-specific membrane antigen; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; miRNA: microRNA sequences; DARPin: designed ankyrin repeat proteins; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; NIS: sodium iodide symporter; PNP: purine nucleoside phosphorylase; SCD: super cytosine deaminase; GM-SCF: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; NAP: neutrophil-activating protein; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; PDL-1: programmed death-1 ligand 1; IL: interleukin; IFN: interferon beta.