Table A2.
Polyamine abundances (nmol polyamine/g venom) in relation to preferred prey of adult snakes.
| Taxon | Polyamines (nmol/g venom) | Prey Species | References | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spermine | Spermidine | Putrescine | Cadaverine | Arthropods | Fish | Birds | Lizards | Anurans | Snakes | Mammals | ||
| Elapidae | ||||||||||||
| B. multicinctus | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.944 | 0.376 | - | ❋ | - | - | - | ❋ | - | Mao, 1970 [152] |
| D. polylepis | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.726 | 0.125 | - | - | ❋ | - | - | - | ❋ | Branch et al., 1995 [153] |
| M. surinamensis | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.726 | 0.125 | - | ❋ | - | - | - | - | - | Olamendi-Portugal et al., 2008 [154]; Morais et al., 2011 [155] |
| N. kaouthia | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.726 | 0.125 | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | Chanhome et al., 2001 [156]; Modal et al., 2016 [157] |
| N. sputatrix | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.726 | 0.125 | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | Inferred |
| O. hannah | 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.871 | 0.188 | - | - | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | ❋ | Chanhome et al., 2001 [156] |
| Mean | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.787 | 0.177 | ||||||||
| Std. Deviation | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.097 | 0.100 | ||||||||
| Viperidae | ||||||||||||
| B. gabonica | 5.820 | 1.146 | 34.995 | 1.628 | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | - | ❋ | Luiselli & Akani, 2003 [158] |
| B. nasicornis | 401.099 | 21.370 | 145.933 | 15.345 | - | - | - | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | Luiselli & Akani, 2003 [158] |
| C. cerastes | 1218.132 | 68.649 | 431.120 | 28.373 | - | - | - | ❋ | - | - | - | Bazaa et al., 2005 [159] |
| D. palestinae | 14.012 | 1.102 | 71.006 | 14.719 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | Inferred |
| D.siamensis | 251.142 | 14.320 | 406.870 | 15.220 | - | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | Chanhome et al., 2001 [156]; Gennaro et al., 2007 [160] |
| P. fieldi | 0.095 | 0.000 | 1.162 | 0.125 | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | Ali et al., 2015 [161] |
| Mean | 315.050 | 17.764 | 181.848 | 12.569 | ||||||||
| Std. Deviation | 471.697 | 26.395 | 190.032 | 10.428 | ||||||||
| Crotalidae | ||||||||||||
| A. c. contortrix | 1087.374 | 3.084 | 72.386 | 14.907 | ❋ | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | Trauth & McAllister, 1995 [162]; Heatwole et al., 1999 [163] |
| A. p. leucostoma | 398.474 | 4.318 | 14.521 | 3.006 | - | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | Himes, 2003 [164]; Vincent et al., 2004 [165] |
| A. nummifer | 0.253 | 0.044 | 0.871 | 0.125 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | Martins et al., 2002 [166] |
| B. schlegelii | 0.285 | 0.044 | 0.726 | 0.125 | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | - | ❋ | Greene, 1988 [167]; Sorrel, 2007 [168] |
| B. erythromelas | 3.005 | 0.573 | 5.590 | 1.002 | ❋ | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | Martins et al, 2002 [166] |
| B. moojeni | 516.295 | 10.090 | 72.313 | 14.719 | ❋ | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | Nogueira et al., 2003 [169] |
| C. rhodostoma | 335.878 | 1.057 | 70.643 | 14.656 | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | Daltry et al., 1998 [156]; Chanhome et al., 2001 [170] |
| C. sasai | 0.791 | 0.044 | 0.871 | 0.125 | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | - | ❋ | Luiselli, 2006 [166]; Martins et al., 2002 [171] |
| C. adamanteus | 53.486 | 18.506 | 132.864 | 15.345 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | Margres et al., 2015 [172] |
| C. cerastes | 19.199 | 14.761 | 90.464 | 14.782 | - | - | - | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | Secure & Nagy, 1994 [173,174] |
| C. d. terrificus | 151.223 | 88.741 | 269.141 | 16.348 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | Salomao et al, 1995 [160]; Sant’anna & Abe, 2007 [175]; Gennaro et al., 2007 [176] |
| C. m. pyrrhus | 0.569 | 0.088 | 1.379 | 0.125 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | Meik et al., 2012 [177] |
| C.v.concolor | 9.805 | 7.314 | 13.795 | 0.188 | - | - | - | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | Mackessy et al., 2003 [178] |
| C. v. viridis | 14.687 | 8.524 | 14.942 | 0.216 | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | Hayes, 1992 [179] |
| L. stenophrys | 129.683 | 6.213 | 22.943 | 2.944 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ❋ | Voss, 2013 [180] |
| O. okinavensis | 0.443 | 0.044 | 0.799 | 0.188 | - | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | - | ❋ | Mori & Toda, 2011 [181] |
| P. elegans | 2320.150 | 1.234 | 70.498 | 14.719 | - | - | - | ❋ | - | - | ❋ | SDA, pers. observations |
| P. flavoviridis | 85.875 | 1.190 | 70.425 | 14.656 | - | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | Gennaro et al., 2007 [160]; Chijiwo et al., 2003 [182] |
| P. mucrosquamatus | 7918.426 | 77.902 | 700.479 | 146.440 | - | - | ❋ | - | ❋ | ❋ | ❋ | Mao, 1970 [152] |
| Mean | 686.626 | 12.830 | 85.561 | 14.454 | ||||||||
| Std. Deviation | 1938.355 | 25.468 | 162.691 | 32.745 | ||||||||