Table 12.
Down-regulation of some anti-apoptotic molecules by C. speciosus active ingredients.
| Mechanism | Ingredients | Cell | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Down-regulation of actin | Diosgenin | Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) | [98] |
| Down-regulation of β-catenin | Diosgenin | Human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) | [30] |
| Lupeol | Prostate cancer (CaP) | [115] | |
| Down-regulation of FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) | Lupeol | Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) | [55] |
| Down-regulation of c-Src | Diosgenin | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | [113] |
| Down-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | Lupeol | Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC-SD) | [95] |
| Down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) | Diosgenin | Human prostate cancer (PC-3) | [87] |
| Human erythroleukemia (HEL) | [118] | ||
| Down-regulation of GLI | Diosgenin | Human erythroleukemia (HEL) | [118] |
| Down-regulation of Gli-1 | Zerumbone | Human renal carcinoma (786-0) | [51] |
| Human renal carcinoma (769-P) | |||
| Down-regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3beta) | Diosgenin | Mouse melanoma (B16) | [89] |
| Down-regulation of Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | Diosgenin | Human prostate cancer (DU145) | [90] |
| Down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) | Diosgenin | Human gastric cancer (BGC-823) | [68] |
| Gastric carcinoma (NCI-N87) | |||
| Human gastric adenocarcinoma (MGC80-3) | |||
| Human gastric cancer (SGC-7901) | |||
| Down-regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) | Diosgenin | Human lung carcinoma (A549) | [119] |
| Human lung carcinoma (A549) | [120] | ||
| Down-regulation of myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1) | Zerumbone | Human prostate cancer (PC-3) | [60] |
| Human prostate cancer (DU-145) | |||
| Down-regulation of mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2) | Diosgenin | Human prostate cancer (DU145) | [90] |
| Down-regulation of MAPKs | Zerumbone | Human colon carcinoma (CaCo-2) | [121] |
| Human colon carcinoma (Colo320DM) | |||
| Human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) | |||
| Down-regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) | Diosgenin | Human prostate cancer (DU145) | [90] |
| Breast cancer (HER2) | [91] | ||
| Down-regulation of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) | Lupeol | Human prostate cancer (PC-3) | [96] |
| Down-regulation of Smoothened (SMO) | Diosgenin | Human erythroleukemia (HEL) | [118] |
| Down-regulation of survivin | Costunolide | Human bladder carcinoma (T24) | [6] |
| Diosgenin | Human breast carcinoma (BCa) | [92] | |
| Lupeol | Prostate cancer (CaP) | [99] | |
| Zerumbone | Human colon carcinoma (HCT116) | [93] | |
| Down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) | Costunolide | Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) | [122] |
| Down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Zerumbone | Human gastric carcinoma (AGS) | [112] |
| Down-regulation of Vav2 | Diosgenin | Breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) | [98] |
| Down-regulation of vimentin | Diosgenin | Human prostate cancer (DU145) | [90] |
| Down-regulation of Wnt | Lupeol | Human Melanoma (Mel 928) | [123] |
| Down-regulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis | Diosgenin | Human breast carcinoma (BCa) | [92] |
| Zerumbone | Human colon carcinoma (HCT116) | [93] |