Table 6.
Adjusted multiple logistic regression models of the association between pesticide metabolites and individual inflammatory cytokines.
| Pesticide Metabolites | Cytokines: Odds Ratio: (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Th2 Cytokines | Non-Th2 Cytokines | |||||||
| IL-4 | IL-5 | IL-13 | IL-6 | IL-8 | IL-10 | IL-17 | IFN-γ | |
| I. Organophosphate Metabolites | ||||||||
| Dialkyl Phosphates | ||||||||
| ∑DAP | 1.60 (0.83–3.11) | 2.92 (1.33–6.43) | 1.49 (0.76–2.93) | 1.77 (0.91–3.44) | 1.77 (0.81–3.87) | 1.83 (0.93–3.60) | 2.25 (1.16–4.37) | 1.70 (0.88–3.27) |
| DMP | 2.34 (1.14– 4.82) | 2.00 (0.82–4.87) | 1.38 (0.65–2.92) | 3.69 (1.72–7.92) | 4.23 (1.54–11.65) | 2.65 (1.28–5.52) | 3.58 (1.71–7.48) | 3.25 (1.57–6.72) |
| DMTP | 1.59 (0.77– 3.29) | 0.84 (0.31–2.31) | 0.49 (0.21–1.13) | 1.76 (0.86–3.61) | 1.34 (0.60–3.00) | 1.06 (0.50–2.26) | 1.53 (0.74–3.14) | 0.85 (0.42–1.73) |
| DMDTP | 0.39 (0.17–0.88) | 0.28 (0.08–1.01) | 1.39 (0.66–2.94) | 0.21 (0.09–0.47) | 0.46 (0.22–0.98) | 0.27 (0.11–0.71) | 0.25 (0.10–0.59) | 0.39 (0.18–0.83) |
| DEP | 3.50 (1.65–7.44) | 7.76 (3.15–19.11) | 1.87 (0.89–3.95) | 3.43 (1.57–7.49) | 2.71 (1.05–7.00) | 7.79 (3.40–17.83) | 4.59 (2.13–9.89) | 3.63 (1.70–7.73) |
| DETP | 4.09 (1.90–8.77) | 8.15 (3.27–20.30) | 2.35 (1.11–4.99) | 5.85 (2.49–13.79) | 23.25 (3.08–175.49) | 4.18 (1.95–8.96) | 8.07 (3.51–18.53) | 4.92 (2.24–10.80) |
| DEDTP | 10.28 (4.29–24.64) | 13.26 (5.16–34.08) | 4.69 (2.16–10.16) | 14.87 (4.94–44.72) | 23.84 (3.15–180.74) | 19.13 (7.30–50.14) | 17.05 (6.46–45.02) | 25.12 (8.07–78.17) |
| TCPY | ||||||||
| TCPY | 1.20 (0.58–2.48) | 0.48 (0.15–1.47) | 1.03 (0.48–2.22) | 2.56 (1.23–5.34) | 1.93 (0.83–4.45) | 0.77 (0.35–1.68) | 1.83 (0.89–3.74) | 1.40 (0.69–2.83) |
| II. Pyrethroid Metabolites | ||||||||
| Pyrethroids | 2.32 (1.19–4.52) | 1.07 (0.46–2.50) | 0.74 (0.36–1.50) | 2.95 (1.48–5.90) | 2.18 (0.98–4.88) | 2.23 (1.14–4.37) | 3.78 (1.91–7.50) | 2.66 (1.36–5.19) |
| cis-DCCA | 2.26 (1.12–4.58) | 1.44 (0.59–3.49) | 0.72 (0.33–1.57) | 2.72 (1.32–5.58) | 2.10 (0.92–4.80) | 1.62 (0.78–3.34) | 2.96 (1.45–6.03) | 2.12 (1.06–4.24) |
| trans-DCCA | 1.52 (0.75–3.11) | 0.93 (0.36–2.43) | 0.65 (0.29–1.47) | 2.51 (1.21–5.20) | 1.21 (0.56–2.63) | 2.28 (1.10–4.73) | 2.12 (1.04–4.33) | 1.57 (0.78–3.17) |
| DBCA | 1.60 (0.79–3.24) | 1.03 (0.40–2.65) | 0.76 (0.35–1.67) | 2.40 (1.18–4.91) | 1.74 (0.78–3.88) | 1.80 (0.87–3.70) | 2.09 (1.03–4.24) | 1.63 (0.82–3.25) |
| 4F3PBA | 2.53 (1.23–5.19) | 2.50 (1.04–6.00) | 1.48 (0.70–3.13) | 4.97 (2.24–11.04) | 4.32 (1.58–11.82) | 2.94 (1.41–6.13) | 3.38 (1.63–7.02) | 2.74 (1.34–5.61) |
| 3PBA | 2.68 (1.29–5.57) | 0.95 (0.37–2.48) | 0.83 (0.38–1.81) | 2.18 (1.05–4.51) | 1.63 (0.72–3.69) | 2.50 (1.17–5.33) | 3.79 (1.80–7.97) | 2.17 (1.06–4.42) |
Adjusted for current smoking, atopy, born on a farm, and level for education. Each odds ratio represents a separate adjusted logistic regression model. Pesticide residues categorized as above 75 percentile of the detected values. Cytokines categorised as detected vs. non-detected. ∑DAP: sum of the six dialkyl phosphate metabolites; DMP: dimethyl phosphate; DMTP: dimethyl thiophosphate; DMDTP: dimethyl dithiophosphate; DEP: diethyl phosphate; DETP: diethyl thiophosphate; DEDTP: diethyl dithiophosphate; Pyrethroids: sum of the 5 pyrethroid metabolites; cis-DCCA: cis-2,2-dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; trans-DCCA: trans-2,2-dichlorovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; DBCA: cis-2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; 4F3PBA: 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid; 3PBA: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. IL: interleukin; IFN- γ: interferon gamma; TCPY: 3, 5, 6-trichloropyridinol.