TABLE 1.
Selected maternal and child characteristics according to latent dietary class at 24–29 wk gestation in the Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition study, 1996–20051
| Overall (n = 389) | Latent class 12 (n = 139) | Latent class 23 (n = 174) | Latent class 34 (n = 76) | |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | ||||
| 16–24 | 53 (13.6) | 22 (15.8) | 8 (4.6) | 23 (30.3) |
| 25–29 | 111 (28.5) | 44 (31.7) | 45 (25.9) | 22 (29.0) |
| 30–34 | 150 (38.6) | 49 (35.3) | 79 (45.4) | 22 (29.0) |
| 35–47 | 75 (19.3) | 24 (17.3) | 42 (24.1) | 9 (11.8) |
| Race | ||||
| Nonblack | 356 (91.5) | 125 (89.9) | 173 (99.4) | 58 (76.3) |
| Black | 33 (8.5) | 14 (10.1) | 1 (0.6) | 18 (23.7) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 340 (87.4) | 121 (87.1) | 165 (94.8) | 54 (71.1) |
| Unmarried | 49 (12.6) | 18 (13.0) | 9 (5.2) | 22 (29.0) |
| Federal poverty level, % | ||||
| <185 | 51 (13.1) | 28 (20.1) | 8 (4.6) | 15 (19.7) |
| 185–350 | 72 (18.5) | 25 (18.0) | 22 (12.6) | 25 (32.9) |
| >350 | 266 (68.4) | 86 (61.9) | 144 (82.8) | 36 (47.4) |
| Education level | ||||
| High school education or lower | 38 (9.8) | 16 (11.5) | 3 (1.7) | 19 (25.0) |
| College education | 191 (49.1) | 71 (51.1) | 78 (44.8) | 42 (55.3) |
| Higher than college education | 160 (41.1) | 52 (37.4) | 93 (53.5) | 15 (19.7) |
| Prepregnancy BMI category, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | 20 (5.1) | 8 (5.8) | 11 (6.3) | 1 (1.3) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 257 (66.1) | 87 (62.6) | 129 (74.1) | 41 (54.0) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 64 (16.5) | 25 (18.0) | 22 (12.6) | 17 (22.4) |
| ≥30.0 | 48 (12.3) | 19 (13.7) | 12 (6.9) | 17 (22.4) |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 190 (48.8) | 60 (43.2) | 105 (60.3) | 25 (32.9) |
| Parous | 199 (51.2) | 79 (56.8) | 69 (39.7) | 51 (67.1) |
| Smoking status during pregnancy | ||||
| No | 361 (92.8) | 126 (90.7) | 170 (97.7) | 65 (85.5) |
| Yes | 28 (7.2) | 13 (9.4) | 4 (2.3) | 11 (14.5) |
| Gestational weight gain | ||||
| Inadequate | 45 (11.6) | 12 (8.6) | 21 (12.1) | 12 (15.8) |
| Adequate | 116 (29.9) | 40 (28.8) | 56 (32.4) | 20 (26.3) |
| Excessive | 227 (58.5) | 87 (62.6) | 96 (55.5) | 44 (57.9) |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||
| No | 380 (97.7) | 137 (98.6) | 173 (99.4) | 70 (92.1) |
| Yes | 9 (2.3) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.6) | 6 (7.9) |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | ||||
| No | 366 (94.1) | 130 (93.5) | 166 (95.4) | 70 (92.1) |
| Yes | 23 (5.9) | 9 (6.5) | 8 (4.6) | 6 (7.9) |
| Chronic hypertension | ||||
| No | 364 (93.6) | 130 (93.5) | 164 (94.3) | 70 (92.1) |
| Yes | 17 (4.4) | 7 (5.0) | 6 (5.0) | 4 (5.3) |
| Pregestational diabetes | ||||
| No | 373 (95.9) | 133 (95.7) | 167 (96.0) | 73 (96.1) |
| Yes | 16 (4.1) | 6 (4.3) | 7 (4.0) | 3 (3.9) |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Birth weight, g | 3430 ± 427 | 3450 ± 382 | 3450 ± 466 | 3360 ± 406 |
| Sex | ||||
| M | 197 (50.6) | 80 (57.6) | 85 (48.9) | 32 (42.1) |
| F | 192 (49.4) | 59 (42.6) | 89 (51.2) | 44 (57.9) |
| Gestational age, wk | 39 [2] | 39 [2] | 39 [1] | 39 [2] |
| Child overweight or obese | ||||
| at 6 mo of age5 | 37 (14.6) | 11 (12.0) | 17 (14.9) | 9 (18.7) |
| at 1 y of age6 | 68 (24.1) | 23 (22.3) | 28 (22.2) | 17 (32.1) |
| at 3 y of age7 | 48 (19.7) | 16 (19.3) | 18 (15.8) | 14 (29.8) |
Values are means ± SDs, medians [IQRs], or n (%).
Represents a high probability of consuming peaches, strawberries, canned fruits, broccoli, green beans or peas, corn, cabbage or coleslaw, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, refined grains, red and processed meats, pizza, french fries, sweets, salty snacks, and soft drinks.
Represents a high probability of consuming apples, bananas, oranges, tomatoes, broccoli, spinach, carrots, green salads, whole-wheat bread, low-fat dairy, baked chicken, and water.
Represents a high probability of consuming white bread, red and processed meats, fried chicken, french fries, and vitamin C–rich drinks.
Overall n = 254; Latent class 1 n = 92; Latent class 2 n = 114; Latent class 3 n = 48.
Overall n = 282; Latent class 1 n = 103; Latent class 2 n = 126, Latent class 3 n = 53.
Overall n = 244; Latent class 1 n = 83; Latent class 2 n = 114; Latent class 3 n = 47.