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. 2016 Oct 31;6:36085. doi: 10.1038/srep36085

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) In plants, water is transported against gravity from roots to leaves via a water potential gradient. Mesophyll cells inside leaves exhibit high water permeability for easy water transport. Stomata function as a hydraulic valve to control gas exchange. (b) The morphological structure of LIM is analogous to that of a plant leaf. The pump is composed of a SIM and a MAC. Water is delivered from the needle to the SIM via the MAC against gravity with the aid of a water potential gradient.