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. 2016 Oct 31;6:36085. doi: 10.1038/srep36085

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) Comparison of the mass loss in the water reservoir pumped by the AC pump and the LIM with the LC SIM. The pump system was heated from room temperature to a temperature higher than the LCST of PNIPAAm for 3 min (shaded region) and then cooled to room temperature, again. (b) Four stages of the pumping process: I, initial condition of pumping at room temperature; II, early stage after heating at a temperature higher than LCST; III, after heating at for a given period; and IV, cooling again to room temperature. The average evaporation rates and the pumping rates of the AC pump (c), the LIM with HC SIM (d), and the LIM with LC SIM (e) were compared to demonstrate these four stages.