Fig. 3.

Maximum grain size of event beds from Seguine Pond, Staten Island. D90 is the grain size (in millimeters) where 90% of the grains are finer. Likely storms responsible for each event bed are noted. Labels in black are historically documented hurricanes, and labels in gray are extratropical storms. (In some cases, definitive attribution is difficult because multiple events occur close together in time and, given age model uncertainties, more than one storm is a plausible candidate.) Six of the event deposits from the late 17th to 20th centuries are coarser than the deposit associated with Hurricane Sandy (dashed line). Data were obtained from the proxy record of ref. 2.