Fig. 4.

LOSCAR model output of pulsed carbon release. (A) Emission scenario showing the release of carbon with eight distinct pulses of 187.5 Pg over 1 kyr each following an initial release of 3,000 Pg over 5 kyr. Selected background conditions were changed during the PETM body and are highlighted in blue (SI Text). (B) Response of CCD in different ocean boxes. (C) Response of δ¹³C of dissolved inorganic carbon in different ocean boxes. (D) Response of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in parts per million and pH of different ocean boxes.