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. 2016 Oct 31;6:135. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00135

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Copyright © 2016 Luna-Pineda, Reyes-Grajeda, Cruz-Córdova, Saldaña-Ahuactzi, Ochoa, Maldonado-Bernal, Cázares-Domínguez, Moreno-Fierros, Arellano-Galindo, Hernández-Castro and Xicohtencatl-Cortes.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Detection of IgG and IgA antibodies in the urine of patients with UTIs. (A) A significant increase (p = 0.0011) in IgG antibodies in the urine of UP patients was detected compared to the values for IgG antibodies in HP-sera. (B) IgA antibodies in UP-urine were significantly increased (p = 0.0003) compared with IgA antibodies in HP-sera. ELISA was performed in triplicate using three different samples, and 1 μg/mL each protein was used. The points represent individuals, and the bars represent the median.