Table 3.

Nanoparticle-based therapies in development.

Type	Constituent	Therapeutic benefit	Reference
Metal	Silver	Silver nanoparticles enhance wound healing in a full-thickness excisional wound model in mice through the promotion of proliferation and migration of keratinocytes, differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts	Liu et al. (2010)
	MgF2	MgF2 nanoparticles effectively restricted biofilm formation of E. coli and S. aureus by inducing membrane lipid peroxidation and interacting with chromosomal DNA	Lellouche et al. (2009)
	Cerium oxide	Cerium oxide nanoparticles accelerates the healing of full-thickness dermal wounds in mice via enhancement of the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and VECs	Chigurupati et al. (2013)
	Copper	Copper nanoparticles-based ointment were twice as good as ointment without copper in healing wounds in mice	Rakhmetova et al. (2010)
	Iron oxide	Thrombin conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles stabilizes thrombin, increases half-life in body, and enhances wound healing in a rat incisional wound model compared to free thrombin	Ziv-Polat et al. (2010)
	Gold	Spherical nucleic acid gold nanoparticle conjugates efficiently downregulate gene targets in full-thickness wounds in diet-induced obese diabetic mice and fully heals wounds within 12 days whereas control wounds are only 50% closed	Randeria et al. (2015)
Antibiotic loaded	Polyacrylate	N-thiolated beta-lactam antibiotic covalently conjugated onto the polymer framework exhibits potent antibacterial properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and have improved bioactivity relative to free antibiotic	Turos et al. (2007)
	Poly (butyl acrylate–styrene)	Incorporation of a N-thiolated beta-lactam antibiotic onto the nanoparticle matrix endowed the emulsion with antibiotic properties against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	Garay-Jimenez et al. (2009)
	Chitosan, gelatin, and epigallocatechin gallate	Dressing accelerated mouse wound healing process via activated carbon fibers with gentamicin that prevented bacterial infection and nanoparticles that prevented inflammation and facilitated reepithelialization	Lin et al. (2015)
	Folic acid-tagged chitosan	Biocompatible and biodegradable semisynthetic polymer nanoparticles enhance the transport of vancomycin across epithelial surfaces and show its efficient drug action	Chakraborty et al. (2010)
Nitric oxide releasing	Tetramethylorthosilicate, PEG, and chitosan	Nanoparticles increased wound healing by modifying leukocyte migration and increasing tumor growth factor-β production in the wound area, which subsequently promoted angiogenesis	Han et al. (2012)
	Silica	Silica nanoparticles exhibit a 99.999% kill rate against P. aeruginosa and E. coli and inhibited fibroblast proliferation to a lesser extent than antiseptics like chlorhexidine with proven wound-healing benefits	Hetrick et al. (2009)
Natural Product	Genipin, chitosan, PEG, and silver	Genipin (from Penicillium nigricans) cross-linked chitosan, PEG, and silver nanoparticles show high antimicrobial activity against E. coli	Liu et al. (2012)
	Silver	Gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using Coleus forskohlii are effective in excisional wound model in albino Wistar male rats	Naraginti et al. (2016)
	Silver	Silver nanocomposite synthesized using Homalomena aromatica inhibited the growth of antibiotic-resistant microbes, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, and fostered wound healing in Wistar rat	Barua et al. (2015)
Lipid based	Proteoliposomes in alginate hydrogel	Improved excisional wound healing and ischemic revascularization via enhanced angiogenesis, macrophage modulation, and keratinocyte migration in a diabetic obese mouse model	Das et al. (2016a,b), Monteforte et al. (2016), Tu et al. (2015)
	Solid lipid nanoparticles	Silver sulfadiazine loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles with platelet lysate embedded in chitosan-based dressings showed enhanced wound healing and antimicrobial activity	Gokce et al. (2012), Sandri et al. (2013)
	Exosomes	Human umbilical cord derived MSC exosomes treated wounds exhibited significantly accelerated reepithelialization, with increased expression of CK19, PCNA, and collagen I	Zhang et al. (2015a)
Polymer based	Chitosan, pectin, and titanium dioxide	TiO2 nanoparticles loaded in chitosan–pectin scaffolds tested in excisional wound model in albino rats exhibited good antibacterial ability, high swelling properties, excellent hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, and improved wound closure rate	Archana et al. (2013)
	Hyaluronan	Hyaluronan-based porous nanoparticles encapsulating PDGF-BB was tested in excisional wound healing in rats and showed improved wound healing compared to control	Zavan et al. (2009)